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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00005843
No of Pages: 86
No of Chapters: 5
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
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ABSTRACT
The study, “Assessment
of Poor Drainage System in Nigeria,” focuses on evaluating the impact of
inadequate drainage networks on flash flooding in Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri. Its
primary aim is to assess the role of poor drainage systems in exacerbating
flooding while providing a comprehensive understanding of flood intensity,
spatial drainage distribution, and residents’ attitudes toward these issues.
Specifically, the study objectives include examining the intensity and
frequency of floods in the area, evaluating the spatial distribution of
drainage networks, assessing the effects of poor drainage systems on residents,
and exploring residents' attitudes toward flooding and drainage systems.
The research employed a
mixed-method approach, incorporating both primary and secondary data. Primary
data were gathered through interviews, physical observations, and surveys of
221 randomly selected respondents, representing 5% of Jiddari Polo's
population. Secondary data were obtained from official publications, government
reports, academic articles, and other related sources. Descriptive statistical
tools, such as frequency tables, percentages, and charts, were used to analyze
the collected data. Findings reveal that flooding occurs frequently in
Maiduguri, with many respondents reporting annual flood events of high
intensity. The study identified inadequate drainage dimensions and irregular
patterns in drainage width as key contributors to flooding. Additionally, heavy
rainfall, poor urban planning, and waste disposal in drainage channels emerged
as significant factors exacerbating flood events, causing severe socioeconomic
and environmental challenges, including property destruction, loss of lives,
and water pollution.
The study concludes that
poor drainage networks remain a critical issue fueling recurrent flooding in
Maiduguri. To mitigate these impacts, several recommendations are proposed,
including the construction of underground drainage systems, regular clearing of
existing drainage channels, and awareness campaigns to discourage improper
waste disposal. Reinstating monthly sanitation exercises and implementing flood
early warning systems are also advocated to prevent and manage future flooding
incidents effectively. By addressing these challenges, Maiduguri can
significantly reduce the devastating effects of flooding and enhance residents'
quality of life.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4
Research Questions
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Significance of the Study
CHAPTER
TWO
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual
Framework
2.1.1 Concept
of Drainage
2.1.2 Concept of Flooding
2.1.2 Concept of Sustainable City Development
2.2 Literature
Review
2.2.1 Problems
Associated with Drainage
2.2.2
Requirements of Highway Drainage
System:
2.2.3 Types of drainage systems
2.2.4
Effects of Bad Drainage System
2.2.5 Methods for Improving Drainage
2.3 Causes of Flooding
2.4 Effects of Flooding
CHAPTER
THREE
STUDY
AREA AND METHODOLOGY
3.1
The Study Area
3.1.1 Location and Extent
3.1.2 Relief and Drainage
3.1.3 Vegetation and Soils
3.1.4 Climate
3.1.5
Socio Economic Activities
3.1.6
People and Population
3.2
Methodology
3.2.1 Nature
of Data Required
3.2.2 Sources
of Data
3.2.3 Method
of Data Collection
3.2.4
Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Methods of Data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Data
Presentation
4.2 Frequency and Intensity of Flooding in
Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri
4.2.1 The Frequency of Flooding in Jiddari Polo,
Maiduguri
4.2.2 Flood Intensity in Jiddari Polo of
Maiduguri
4.2.3 The Month that Flood Disaster often Occur
in Maiduguri
4.2.4 The Volume of Flood in Jiddari Polo
4.3 The Spatial Distribution of Drainage
Networks in someAreas
4.3.1: Drainage
Width, Depth and Flood (Runoff) In Some Area in Maiduguri
4.3.2
Environmental States of Drainage
Systems in Maiduguri
4.3.2.1 Factors of Flood Occurrence
4.3.2 Perceived Causes of Inadequate Drainage
Networks in Maiduguri
4.3.3: Quality of Drainage Networks
4.4 The
Effect of Poor Drainage System on the Residents of the Study Area
4.4.1 Effects of Poor Drainage Network on the Environment/Infrastructure
of the Study Area
4.4.2: The Poor Drainage of the Area gives Room for
excessive Flooding
4.4.3: The Poor Drainage of the Area Paves ways for
Breads of Mosquitos and other Bacterial
4.4.4 Excess Sediments and Garbage
4.4.4: Outbreaks of Cholera as a Result of Poor
Drainage System in Jiddari Polo
4.5
The Attitudes
of the Residents towards Drainage System and Flooding in the Area
4.5.1
There is Poor
Maintenance Culture of the Residents to Drainage
4.5.2 Effect
of the Poor Maintenance Culture
4.5.3
Lack of Community Participation
4.6 Discussion of the Finding
CHAPTER FIVE
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX: Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the StudyPoor drainage systems form
part of major threats to urban environments in Nigeria. Most of streets within
the urban and rural settlement are faced with the challenges such as lack of
drainages or properly designed drainages to evacuate storm water from the
surface-course of our roads. Cities the
world over are the dominating forces in the organization of human population.
As the world most crowded places, cities continue to show increase in urban
population. This increase leads to a growing urbanization trend. Duru and Nnaji
(2008) defined urbanization as the increase in the population of cities in
proportion to the region‟s rural population. Urbanization is the outcome of
social, economic and political developments that lead to concentration and
growth of large cities, changes in land use and transformation from rural to
metropolitan pattern of organization and governance. Rapid growth of towns and
cities has been common feature of the developing world (Aderamo, 2008).
Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth
and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding
cities, principally on human health, livelihoods and the environment.Drainage
systems are constructed to ensure that waste water and sewage is transported
neatly to disposal points, thereby keeping the environment well drained and
free of waste. Examples of components that make up a good drainagesystem
includes; closed ditches having pipe drains, drainage pipes, channels and
conduits (Folorunsho, & Awosika, 2001). Sustainable Drainage Systems are
approaches put in place to manage the water quantity (flooding), water quality
(pollution) and amenity issues in the environment. Sustainable drainage is a
concept that includes long term environmental and social factors in decisions
about drainage. Sustainable Drainage Systems are intended to regulate surface
water runoff close to where it falls and simulate natural drainage as closely
as possible. They provide opportunities to reduce the causes and impacts of
flooding, remove pollutants from urban runoff at source, and combine water
management with recreation and wildlife. They also help to enhance water
quality while protecting natural flow regimes in watercourses (Dipanjan
& Mukherjee 2014).In
many parts of Nigeria today, there is a great need for properly managed
sustainable drainage systems in order to help manage surface water runoff.
Neighborhoods keep springing up without proper planning, which also involves
planning for drainage and sewage or waste disposal. Residents regularly dump
their waste in gutters, and this clogs the gutters and prevents the flow of
water, causing the gutters to overflow (Enger & Smith, 2006). It is common
to see flooded streets with litter floating everywhere after a short period of
rainfall. Such situations create very unsanitary conditions for residents of
the neighborhoods and contribute to the degradation of the environment. In the
year 2012, 363 people were feared dead while 2.1 million citizens were
displaced across Nigeria as a result of floods. According to the National
Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 30 states out of 36 in Nigeria were
affected by that flood experience and it was concluded as the worst that has
ever happened in the past 40 years, causing damages of an estimated value of
N2.6 trillion Naira (Jimoh, 2008). These floods also gave rise to environmental
pollution problems which affected the health of Nigerians across the various
affected areas. Nigeria is currently experiencing its annual rainy season, and
in order to avoid lethal floods it is important to have very effective drainage
systems and strive towards ensuring free flow of water during and after heavy
downpours. Poorly maintained drainage systems and poor waste management habits
can adversely affect our environment (Okupe, 2002).The implications of rapid urbanization and demographic
trends for employment, food security, water supply, shelter and sanitation,
especially the disposal of wastes (solid and liquid) that the cities produce
are staggering (Oduwaiye, 2009). The process of urbanization is believed to be
connected with levels of development and some assert that, for a country to
develop there is the need for an increased level of industrialization as it is
generally accepted that there cannot be urbanization without rapid economic
growth (Tettey, 2005). The pattern of urbanization in developing countries,
particularly Africa, however, is creating some concern that it may be
generating a lot of development problems in the process of its growth. One of
the daunting challenges facing African countries in the wake of unprecedented
urbanization during the last few decades is the planning and management of
physical infrastructure and the urban environment (Kwasi, 2011).As urbanization gathered pace in most developing
countries, the problem of inadequacy of infrastructure services and
deteriorating urban environment became enormous (Sule, 2009). These problems
range from poor housing conditions, inadequate infrastructure, to squatter
settlements (Arimah, 2002). Spurred by the oil boom prosperity of the 1970s and
the massive improvements in roads and the availability of vehicles, Nigeria
since independence has become an increasingly urbanized and urban-oriented society.
During the 1970s, Nigeria had possibly the fastest urbanization growth rate in
the world (Sule, 2009). Because of the great influx of people into urban areas,
the growth rate of urban population in Nigeria in 1986 was estimated to be
close to 6 percent per year, more than twice that of the rural population.
Specifically, while only 7% of Nigerians lived in urban centers in the 1930s,
and 10% in 1950, by 1970, 1980 and 1990, 20%, 27% and 35% respectively lived in
the cities (Okupe, 2002). Over 40% of Nigerians now live in urban centers of
varying sizes. Like other developing countries, the rapid growth in urban areas
in Nigeria is a ‘’sword of two edges‟ (Sule, 2009). While increasing human
capital increased the economic status of the country, the growths of large
centers had outpaced government capacity to meet the increasing demand for the
provision of basic infrastructural facilities and services. These are
manifested in poor investment in roads, housing, water supply, electricity,
waste disposal mechanisms, adequate drainage systems etc. (Sule, 2007; Aderamo,
2008; Jimoh, 2008). These problems have continued to persist and made worst due
to non-compliance to planning ordinances (Sule, 2010). Appropriate management
of drainage systems requires knowledge relating to the system boundary, system
resources, interactions between adjacent systems and allowable limits, or
thresholds, for each resource. Each of these elements will be unique to the
particular system under consideration, and each system must be assessed on its
own merits (Offiong, et’ al, 2008).Drainage
quality is an important parameter which affects the highway pavement
performance. The excessive water content in the pavement base, sub-base, and
sub-grade soils can cause early distress and lead to a structural or functional
failure of pavement. Drainage is the most important aspect of road design.
Proper design of drainage is necessary for the satisfactory and prolonged
performance of the pavement. In designing drainage, the primary objective is to
properly accommodate water flow along and across the road and conveniently
transport and deposit the water o the downstream without any obstruction in the
flow (Rokade, Agarwal & Shrivastava, 2012).
A typical road construction is multi-layered in form, comprising of
unbound materials. Essentially, the lower indigenous subgrade layer is covered
by a bound or unbound sub base, providing drainage and frost protection for the
subgrade, and the road base layer upon which the asphalt layers are laid as a
final surface coating. Poor drainage in pavement can lead to early pavement
distresses lead to driving problems and structural failures of the road. The
primary source of water in pavements is atmospheric precipitation. This water
can enter the pavement through several ways (e.g., cracks, infiltration,
through shoulders and ditches, high groundwater) and is moved by an energy
gradient, such as gravity, capillary forces, osmotic forces, and temperature or
pressure differences (Henderson, 2004).Flooding
in urban areas is not just related to heavy rainfall and extreme climatic
events; it is also related to changes in the built-up areas themselves. In the
case of Maiduguri, the problems of street flooding began when some socio
economic and anthropogenic activities gained momentum as a means of face
lifting the city as State Capital. The influx of people from both rural and
adjoining states led to increased demand for housing. Houses were hurriedly
built to meet the burgeoning demand for shelter as a result of insurgency. This
alters the aesthetic image of the city as buildings were erected anyhow and
anywhere (Sule, 2004).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Worldwide, there has been a rapid growth in the number of people killed or seriously impacted by storms and floods and also in the amount of economic damage caused; a large and growing proportion of these impacts are in urban areas in low- and middle-income nations. For instance, in Nigeria, flooding affected more than three million people in selected urban areas between 1983 and 2009 (Folorunsho & Awosika, 2001). Poor urban infrastructural development and planning is likely to have been a factor in much of this, but even if it was not, it is proof of the vulnerability of urban populations to floods and storms whose frequency and intensity is likely to increase in most places. Maiduguri is one of the cities that are growing at a high rate in terms of infrastructural development, which involves construction and concretization of the city land surface. This, as a result of poor drainage systems, leads to flooding and other environmental problems such as roadway pavement failure (Giwa, 2007).
Henderson (2004) revealed that the level of risk and vulnerability in urban areas of developing countries is attributable to socio-economic stress, aging and inadequate physical infrastructure. Indeed, according to Satterthwaite, et’ al, (2007), hundreds of millions of urban dwellers have no all-weather roads, no piped water supplies, no drains and no electricity supplies; they live in poor quality homes on illegally occupied or sub-divided land, which inhibits any investment in more resilient buildings and often prevents infrastructure and service provision.
A high proportion of this are tenants, with very limited capacities to pay for quality housing and their landlords have no incentive to invest in better-quality buildings. Most low-income urban dwellers face serious constraints in any possibility of moving to less dangerous sites, because of their need to be close to income-earning opportunities and because of the lack of alternative, well-located, safer sites. Douglas et al (2008) also report that many of the urban poor in Africa face growing problems of severe flooding; they further buttressed the fact that increased storm frequency and intensity related to climate change are exacerbated by such local factors as the growing occupation of flood plains, increased runoff from hard surfaces, inadequate waste management and silted up drainage. Askew (1999) reiterated that floods cause about one third of all deaths, one third of all injuries and one third of all damage from natural disasters globally. Generally, flood events are attributed to global warming, climate change, ocean swell/surge and torrential rains. Although flood hazards are natural phenomena, damage and lose from floods are mostly the consequences of urbanization without corresponding infrastructural restructuring (Brooks, 2003). Flooding is the most common environmental hazard in Nigeria (Etuonovbe, 2011). The intensity of flood problems over time and space in Nigeria urban centers is closely related to the rapid rate of urban expansion especially where the simultaneous provision of adequate run-off disposal systems is lacking as is the case of most Nigerian cities and Maiduguri in particular (Abaje and Giwa, 2008). The implications of recent flooding in Nigerian cities include, among others, loss of life and properties, spread of diseases, deformed livelihoods, assets and infrastructure using both questionnaire and secondary data in the analysis of the history and causes of flood incidence in the city of Maiduguri opined that no year passes without flooding in the city destroying houses and blockage of road; on the average four lives were lost yearly to flooding.
Recently Maiduguri especially Jiddari Polo is facing extensive water logging during the rainy season (July to September) as result of a serious problem of poor drainage. Inadequate drainage problems become one of the most common sources of compliant from the residents in the study area and this problem becoming worse in this year. Poor existing drains and their improper operation and management mainly cause severe flooding which creates damages and problems to the road pavement and road users. In addition, deceases are spread and give problems to the population such as malaria and diarrhea. This critical situation was severely aggravated because the natural drainage system, which conveys storm runoff from the areas to the river were not fully operated and the existing drains blocked with huge amount of garbage, solid waste, silt sand accumulation and vegetation.
It is against this background that this research intends to assess the effect of poor drainage system on flash flooding in Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri city, Borno State.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of poor drainage network on flash flooding in Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri. The specific objectives of the study are to:
i.
examines the
intensity and frequency of floods in Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri;
ii.
assess and evaluate
the spatial distribution of drainage networks in the area;
iii.
examine the
effect of poor drainage system on the residents of the study area and
iv.
assess the
attitudes of the residents towards drainage system and flooding in the study
area.
1.4 Research Questions
The study answered the following research questions toward achieving the research objectives:
i.
What is the
frequency and intensity of floods in Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri?
ii.
What is the
spatial distribution of drainage networks in the area?
iii.
What is the
effect of drainage width and depth on flood in the study area?
iv.
What is the
attitudes of the residents towards drainage system and flooding in the study
area?
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study was restricted to selected area of Maiduguri Metropolis that is prone to flood occurrence. It assessed the capability of drainage networks to effectively handle run off volume in the area. The study was conducted in Jiddari Polo, Maiduguri. This location was selected because it has a history of frequent floods especially during the rainy seasons. In addition, flood prone areas are largely characterized by poor planning as compared to the control.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be of great benefit to various sectors both governmental and Non-governmental organization. The study will be significant to National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) as it revealed the various areas of poor sanitation in Maiduguri. It will be of benefit to environmentalist and town planners as the study revealed the various areas of poor town planning which resulted to lack of drainage because no good street for drainages to be constructed. The study will also help the health sectors in identifying the various diseases bedeviling the community of the study area due to excessive flooding which breaded some bacterial and diseases. NGOs who are concern with WASH activities will also find this study very useful as it revealed the sanitary conditions of the environment. Finally, the study will be of great benefit to students and researchers who may need information on the subject matter under study.
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