EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) BLENDED – GRANITE - GRAVEL CONCRETE

  • 0 Review(s)

Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00005166

No of Pages: 68

No of Chapters: 5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

$12

TABLE OF CONTENTS  

CERTIFICATION                                                                                            i

DEDICATION                                                                                                ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                                                    iii

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                            vii

LIST OF FIGURES                                                                                          ix

ABSTRACT                                                                                                    xi

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                      

INTRODUCTION                                                                                   

1.1 Background of the study                                                                           1

1.2 Scope                                                                                                     4

1.4 Justification                                                                                            5

1.5 Statement of Problem                                                                               5

1.6 Aim                                                                                                        5

1.7 Objectives                                                                                               5

 

CHAPTER TWO     

LITERATURE REVIEW   

2.1 Properties of concrete with POFA                                                              6

2.1.1 Physical properties                                                                       6

2.1.2 Chemical Properties of POFA                                                                   7

2.1.3 Mechanical properties of POFA                                                                8

2.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete with Replaced POFA                                10

2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Concrete with Replaced POFA                   13

2.4 Workability of Concrete with Replaced POFA                                              14

2.5 Porosity of Concrete with Replaced POFA                                                   16

2.6 Permeability of Concrete with Replaced POFA                                             18

2.7 Properties of Cement                                                                                19

2.7.1 Physical properties of Cement                                                                 19

2.7.2Mechanical properties of Cement                                                              20

2.7.3Chemical Properties of Cement                                                                 20

2.7.4Cement hydration                                                                                   20

 

CHAPTER THREE     

STUDY AREA        

3.0 Materials Used and Methodology                                                                22

3.1. Materials                                                                                                22

3.1.1 Cement                                                                                               23

3.1.2 Aggregate                                                                                            23

3.1.3 Granite                                                                                       23

3.1.4 Gravel                                                                                        23

3.1.5 Water                                                                                        24

3.1.6 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)                                                                       24

3.2 Methodology                                                                                           25

3.2.1. Sieve Analysis Procedure                                                                       25

3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Ordinary Portland Cement Determination                      26

3.2.2.1 Experimental Procedure                                                                      27

3.3: Concrete Mix Design                                                                                29

3.4 Fresh Concrete Workability                                                                       30

3.5 Density                                                                                                   31

3.6 Determination of Compressive Strength                                                     31

 

CHAPTER FOUR   

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

4.1 Oxides Composition of POFA                                                                     33

4.2 Grain size distributions from sieve analysis                                                  34

4.3 Compressive Strength Test Results                                                             35

4.4 Optimum Mix Ratio Determination                                                              52

 

CHAPTER FIVE     

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  

5.1     Conclusion                                                                                          53

5.2 Recommendation                                                                                     54

REFERENCES                                                                                                 55

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2. 1: Chemical composition range of OPC and POFA                                  7

Table 2. 2: Chemical composition analysis in POFA                                            8

Table 2. 3: Compressive strength of concrete with various percentages of POFA   10

Table 2. 4: Tensile strength of concrete by the addition of various % of POFA     10

Table 3. 1: Concrete mix design based on design expert                                    2

Table 4. 1:  Oxides composition of POFA                                                           33

Table 4. 2: Fine sand grain size distributions from sieve analysis                         34

Table 4. 3: Granite size distributions from sieve analysis                                    35

Table4. 4: specific gravity of cement and POFA                                                 35

Table 4. 5: Compressive strength at 7 days of curing age                                   36

Table 4. 6: Compressive strength for 28 days curing age                                    40

Table 4. 7: Compressive strength for 56 days curing age                                    44

Table 4. 8: Compressive strength for 90 days curing age                                    46

Table 4. 9summary of compressive strength (n/mm2) at different POFA mix ratio 49

Table 4. 10: Regression analysis for 7 days age concrete                                    50

Table 4. 11: Regression analysis for 28 days age concrete                                  50

Table 4. 12:  Regression analysis for 56 days age concrete                                 51

Table 4. 13: Regression analysis for 90 days age concrete                                  51

Table 4. 14: Analysis of variance for compressive strength                                 51

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1: Strength versus UPV                                                                    9

Figure 2. 2: Compressive strength versus POFA replacement percentage              12

Figure 2. 3: Strength activity index of POFA mortar                                          13

Figure 2. 4: Relationship between UPV and replacement percentage                    14

Figure 2. 5: Slump flow against POFA percentage                                             16

Figure 2. 6: Relationship between porosity and POFA content                                      17

Figure 2. 7: Relationship between strength and porosity of 80% content of POFA mortar                                                                                                        18

Figure 2. 8: relationship between permeability and replacement level of POFA      19

Figure 3. 1: Map of Maiduguri town showing Ramat Polytechnic                         22

Figure 3. 2: Granite                                                                                       23

Figure 3. 3 Palm oil kernel and ash                                                                   25

Figure 3. 4: sieve arrangement                                                                        26

Figure 3. 5: POFA replacement percentage (25% - 35%)                                   29

Figure 3. 6: Granite replacement percentage (0% - 100%)                                 29

Figure 3. 7: Cubes cast and curing                                                                   30

Figure 3. 8: Compressive strength test-                                                            32

Figure 4. 1: Graph for grain size distribution for fine sand                                  34

Figure 4. 2: Graph for grain size distribution for granite                                     35

Figure 4. 3: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 7 days curing age        37

Figure 4. 4: Slump height vs granite and POFA at 7 days curing age                    38

Figure 4. 5: Predicted and actual compressive strength at 7 days curing age        39

Figure 4. 6: Predicted and actual slump height at 7 days curing age                    39

Figure 4. 7: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 28 days curing age      41

Figure 4. 8: Sump height vs granite and POFA at 28 days curing age                   42

Figure 4. 9: Predicted and actual compressive strength at 28 days curing age       43

Figure 4. 10: Predicted and actual slump height at 28 days curing age                 44

Figure 4. 11: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 56 days curing age    45

Figure 4. 12: Slump height vs granite and POFA at 56 days curing age                 46

Figure 4. 13: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 90 days curing age    47

Figure 4. 14: Slump height vs granite and POFA at 90 days curing age                 48

Figure 4. 15: Predicted and actual compressive strength at 28 days curing age     48

Figure 4. 16: Predicted and actual slump height at 28 days curing age                 49




ABSTRACT

Utilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mixes ratio of 1:2:4 was utilized. Thirteen runs of experiments plus control were designed using the Central Composite Response Surface method (Design Expert). Based on the analysis, the increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrease in compressive strength at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days curing ages. The study also observed highest compressive strength at 25% POFA replacement and lowest at 35% replacement. Also, for granite, highest and lowest compressive strength were achieved at 100% and 0% replacement respectively. However, for slump height, the higher the percentage of granite or POFA in concrete, the higher the slump height. The optimization analysis showed that, at 29.69% POFA and 98.75% Granite, compressive strength of 24.29 N/mm2 and slump height of 89.36mm were achieved. The optimum strength found is slightly higher than the maximum strength achieved (24.27N/mm2) at 90 days and also, slightly lower than the control (25.33 N/mm2).

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

        Concrete is regarded as the primary and widely used construction ingredient around the world in which cement is the key material. However, large scale cement production contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy (combustion of fossil fuels). Moved by the economic and ecological concerns of cement, researchers have focused on finding a substitution of cement over the last several years. In order to address both the concerns simultaneously many attempts have been made in the past to use materials available as by product or waste. This is due to the fact that the use of by product not only eliminates the additional production cost, but also results in safety to the environment. Hence, the development and use of blended cement is growing rapidly in the construction industry mainly due to considerations of cost saving, energy saving, environmental protection and conservation of resources.

      A number of investigations have been carried out with Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agro-waste ash, as potential replacement of cement in concrete. Sata et al. (2004) found compressive strength of 81.3, 85.9, and 79.8 MPa at the age of 28 days by using improved POFA with a reduced particle size of about 10 microns in concrete as replacement of 10%, 20% and 30% of cement respectively. They also reported highest strength at 20% replacement level. Tangchirapat [2009] observed the compressive strengths of ground POFA concrete in the range of 59.5–64.3 MPa at 28 days of water curing and with 20% replacement it was as high as 70 MPa at the end of 90 days of water curing. However, the drying shrinkage and water permeability were noted to be lower than that of control concrete with improved sulphate resistance. Past researchers also depict that both ground and un-ground POFA increase the water demand and thus decrease the workability of concrete. However, ground POFA has shown a good potential for improving the hardened properties and durability of concrete due to its satisfactory micro-filling ability and pozzolanic activity.                                   Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is known as the by-product form from the incineration of the palm oil fibers, shells, and empty fruit bunches in the biomass thermal power plant to generate energy. However, it was found that 5 % of the residue was then produced as the result of combustion and the wastes are then managed by disposing as landfill materials which lead to environmental hazards eventually. As stated by Aprianti et al. (2015), POFA is tagged as the environmental disruption pollutant which ends up in the atmosphere without being utilized in 20th and 21st century, if compared to other types of palm oil by-products.

      Over the past several decades, attempt has been made to use several waste and by product material produced by the industries as potential partial replacement of cement in concrete. Investigations have been carried out through replacing part cement with industrial and other wastes such as Silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, bagasse ash, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, Paper mill ash, Wheat straw ash, Wallostonite, Metakaolin and many more (Karim et al., 2014). The use of these materials in concrete has significant benefits from environmental and economic stand point in comparison to traditional cement.

   In order to promote the utilization of POFA, many researchers established the researches regarding the POFA as the Supplementary Cementitious (SCM) in either concrete or mortar. The properties and performances of the finished products were examined and the researchers commented that the utilization of the POFA as a supplementary materials of cement is suitable. This is because the ash can increase the engineering and durability properties of either concrete or mortar.                                  

Karim et al., (2011) discovered that concrete produced using a particular level of POFA replacement achieved same or more strength as compared to OPC concrete. No significant strength reduction of concrete was observed up to about 30% replacement of POFA. Safiuddin et al., (2012) observed that the use of POFA is limited to a partial replacement, ranging from 0-30% by weight of the total cementitious material in the production of concrete. Indeed, the partial replacement has a beneficial effect on the general properties of concrete as well as cost. Sata et al., (2010) investigated that the strength development of POFA concretes with w/c ratios of 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60 tended to be in the same direction. At early ages, concretes containing POFA as a cement replacement of 10, 20, and 30% had lower strength development than control concretes while at later age 28 days, the replacement at rates of 10 and 20% yielded higher strength development. Mohammed Hussin and Awal., (2009) studied concrete replaced with POFA with a water to binder ratio of 0.45, were seen to develop strength exceeding the design strength of almost 60MPa at 28-day. Hussin et al., (2009) discovered that inclusion of 20% POFA would produce concrete having highest strength as compared to any other replacement level. Ahmad et al., (2008) studied that one of the potential recycles material from palm oil industry is palm oil fuel ash which contains siliceous compositions and reacted as pozzolans to produce a stronger and denser concrete.  Pozzolanic material has little or no cementing properties. However, when it has a fine particle size, in the presence of moisture it can react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to provide the cementing property. Ahmad et al., (2008) reported that the chemical composition of POFA contains a large amount of silica and has high potential to be used as a cement replacement. Hussin et al., (2009) have found that POFA can be used in the construction industry, specifically as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. Hussin et al., (2009) studied the compressive strength of concrete containing POFA. The results revealed that it was possible to replace at a level of 40% POFA without affecting compressive strength. The maximum compressive strength gain occurred at a replacement level of 30% by weight of binder. Karim et al., (2011) investigated that replacing 10–50% ash by weight of cementitious material in blended cement had no significant effect on segregation, shrinkage, water absorption, density, or soundness of concrete.

 

1.2     Scope

       Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete i.e. concrete with 100% OPC and ordinary gravel as control, and concrete with 25% - 35% POFA replacement and granite-gravel of 0% - 100% replacement having uniform water/binder (w/b) ratios of 0.5 and mixes ratio of 1:2:4 were used. Curing ages of 7 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days were considered.

 

1.4     Justification

      Utilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.

 

1.5     Statement of Problem

      Large scale cement production contributes to greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy. Therefore, this study examines the suitability of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) replacement with cement as Supplementary Cementing Materials. One of the potential recycle materials from palm oil industry is palm oil fuel ash which contains siliceous compositions and reacted as pozzolans to produce a stronger and denser concrete

 

1.6 Aim

To determine the mechanical properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA). To address the aim, the following objectives were identified:

 

1.7 Objectives

  1. To determine concrete compressive strength of granite-gravel concrete at varying replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) at different curing ages.
  2. To establish an optimum replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in granite-gravel blended.


Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects

FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!

+(234) 0814 780 1594

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.

Ratings & Reviews

0.0

No Review Found.


To Review


To Comment