ABSTRACT
Uapaca pilosa (Hutch.) a plant
used in some parts of Africa in the treatment of dysentery, menstrual
pain, fever, constipation, erectile dysfunction, skin infections, female
sterility, pile, rheumatism, emetic, tooth-troubles and fatigue. The dried
plant was extracted, the extract was subjected to phytochemical investigation
using standard method revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
anthraquinones, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and glycocides.
Extensive silica gel column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction of the
stem bark extract, the most active of all the fractions, led to the isolation
of two compounds GF1 and GF2. Their identities were determined by analysis of
their spectral data using FTIR, 1D and 2D NMR. The structures of the compounds
were supported by comparing their spectral data with the literature. GF1 was
found to be betulin while GF2 was found to be beta-sitosterol. The
antimicrobial screening of the crude extract and fractions using agar well
diffusion method showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella
dysenteriae, Salmonella typhii, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia
coli. The Zone of Inhibition of the plant extract against selected
microorganisms ranges from 13mm to 17mm against
Staphylococcus aureus, 10mm to 14mm
against Bacillus subtilis, 12mm to 15mm against Shigella
dysenteriae, 15mm to 18mm against Escherichia coli and 10mm to 11mm
againstSalmonella typhii. The MIC and MBC for the extract, fractions and
isolated compounds were also determined. The range of Minimum Inhibitory
concentration is between 6.25 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus,
25 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae, 6.25 mg/mL for Bacillus subtilisand
12.50 mg/mL for
Escherichia coli while the Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration range between 12.50 mg/mL for Staphylococcus
aureus, 50 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae, 12.50 mg/mL for Bacillus
subtilis and 25 mg/mL for Escherichia coli. This study on the stem
bark
extract from Uapaca pilosa,
used traditionally in some parts of Africa as a medicinal plant for the
treatment of various ailments has confirmed that it has antimicrobial activity
against the microbes that cause some of these diseases.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of
the Research Problem
1.2 Aim of the
Research
1.3 Objectives of
the Research
1.4 Justification
of the Research
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 The
Euphorbiaceae Family
2.2 The Uapaca
genus
2.3 Uapaca pilosa
2.4 Taxonomy of
the Plant
2.5 Traditional
Uses of Uapaca pilosa
2.6 Medicinal
Importance of Other Uapaca Species
2.7 Some Compounds
Isolated from Uapaca Species
2.8 Some Compounds
Isolated from Euphorbeceae Family
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1.0 Materials
3.1.1 Equipment
3.1.2Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
3.2.0 Methods
3.2.1 Extraction of
Plant Material.
3.2.2 Preliminary
Phytochemical Screening
3.2.2.1. Test
for Reducing Sugars (Molischs test)
3.2.2.2 Test for Tannins (Ferric Chloride test)
3.2.2.3 Test for Flavonoids (Shinoda test).
3.2.2.3.1 Magnessium Chips test
3.2.2.3.2 Sodium Hydroxide test
3.2.2.4 Test for Anthraquinones
3.2.2.4.1 Free Anthraquinones
3.2.2.4.2 Combined Anthraquinones
3.2.2.5Test for Saponins (Frothing test)
3.2.2.6 Test for Glycoside (FeCl3 test)
3.2.2.7 Test for cardiac glycoside (kella-killani test)
3.2.2.8 Test for Steroids/Triterpenes
3.2.2.8.1 Liebermann-Buchard test
3.2.2.8.2 Salkowski test
3.2.2.9. Test for Alkaloids
3.2.3.0Antimicrobial Studies of Extracts and Isolated
components
3.2.3.1 Preparation of the Plants Extracts for antimicrobial
screening
3.2.3.2Preparation of culture media
3.2.3.3Susceptibility Test
3.2.3.4Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.2.3.5 Minimum
bactericidal concentration (MBC)
3.2.3.6 Minimum
fungicidal concentration (MFC)
3.3.0 Column Chromatography30 3.3.1Chromatographic Separation
3.3.1.1Column Chromatography of ethyl acetate Fraction of
Uapaca pilosa
3.3.1.2Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography of the
Sub-fractions (SF1 and SF2)
3.4 Melting Point Determination
3.5 Spectral Analysis32
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Result of Extraction of the Stembark of Uapaca pilosa
4.2. Result of Phytochemical screening
4.3 Result of
antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts
4.4 Result of
Chromatographic Separation
4.5 Column
Chromatography of Ethyl acetate fraction
4.6 Thin Layer
Chromatography Analysis of Isolated Compounds
4.7 Result of Thin
layer Chromatography analyses of GF1 and GF2
4.9 Spectroscopic
Analyses of GF1 and GF2
4.10 Antibacterial Activity
of Isolated Compounds
4.10.1 Antimicrobial Activity of GF1 and GF2
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Extraction of
the stem bark of Uapaca pilosa
5.2 Phytochemical
Screening of the Stem bark of Uapaca pilosa
5.3 Antimicrobial
Screening of Stem bark of Uapaca pilosa
5.4 Isolation, Purification and
Characterisation of Isolates from Uapaca pilosa
5.4.1 Isolation and Characterisation of GF1
5.4.2 Isolation and Characterisation of GF2
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS70
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Over the years the world traditional medicine has been known
to take its source from higher plants and their extracts in the treatment of
diseases and infections (Sofowora, 1983). Until 19th
century, when the development of chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry
started, medicinal plants were the sources of active materials used in healing
and curing human diseases. Before the advent of modern methods of producing
drugs, medicinal plants such as Allium sativum, Azadirchata indica
and Citrus limonum were used in treating both malaria and typhoid fever.
Also some plant leaves were used in treating skin rashes and to heal wounds.
Likewise, modern pharmaceuticals rely heavily on these medicinal plants for
their raw materials such as cocoa leaves and opium plant from papaver species
for analgesics. The active principles of plants differ from one plant to
another due to the diversity in biological activities (Sofowora, 1983;
Kubmarawa et al., 2007; Krishnaiah et al., 2009).
Traditional medicinal practice
has been established for centuries in many parts of the world. Numerous plants
and herbs are used globally by traditional medicine practitioners. The practice
is known to vary from one country to another (Sofowora, 1984). Extracts from
the various plant parts (leaves, stem bark and roots) of various higher plants
are used in herbal medicine production (Sofowora, 1983, 1984, 1993). Plants`
extracts are given singly or as concoctions for the treatment of various
ailments. In actual sense more than 75% of the world population depend on these
various forms of concoctions and herbal decoctions for the treatment of
infections (Robenson and Zhang, 2011). Phytochemical constituents are the basic
raw materials source for the establishment of pharmaceutical industries
(Mothana and Lindequist, 2005; Wojdylo et al., 2007).
The constituents present in the plant play vital roles in the crude drugs identity.
Phytochemical screening is very important in identifying new sources of
therapeutically and pharmacologically important compounds like alkaloids,
anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids, tannins and
terpenoids (Akindele and Adeyemi, 2007).
Some plants such as Aloe vera, Alliium sativum,
Maranta arundinacea, Pimpinella anisum and Arnica montana widely
distributed in Africa, Asia and Southern part of North America have been
reported to be the basis of treatment in human diseases and also as useful
components in the development of new active components (Boudreau and Beland,
2006; Bunyapraphatsaraet al., 1996;
Alan et al., 1995). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
80 % of the world‟s population relies mainly on herbal medicine for primary
healthcare (Hong et al., 2010). In China, traditional medicine is
largely based on around 5000 plants which were used in treating 40 % of urban
patients and 90 % of rural patients (Abdel-Azim et al., 2011). In
industrialized countries, plants have contributed more than 7000 compounds used
in the pharmaceutical industries including ingredients in heart drugs,
laxatives, anti-cancer agents, hormones, contraceptives, diuretics,
antibiotics, decongestants, analgesics, ulcer treatments and anti-parasitic
compounds (Simo, 2012). About 25 % of all prescription drugs dispensed by
Western pharmacists is likely to contain ingredients derived from plants (Simo,
2012). These include: Laevodopamine from tropical legume Mucuna deeringiana,
used for treating Parkinson disease (dos Santos
et al., 2012). Picrotoxin derived
from Anaminta cocculus, a tropical climbing plant from south East Asia,
is used as a nervous system stimulant and in cases of barbiturate poisoning (Abebe and Haramaya,
2013). Reserpine, extracted from the root of the serpent-root, Rauwolfia serpentine,
is used for lowering blood pressure, as a tranquilizer and in India as a remedy
for snake bites (Unnikrishnan, 2004).
Eucalyptol obtained from species of eucalyptus, is a well-known antiseptic used
in throat medicines, cough syrups, ointments, liniments, as inhalant for
bronchitis and asthma. Eucalyptus is used throughout the world and is regarded
as a universally available product (Eschler et al., 2000). Cultivation
has replaced wild collection for the supply of some essential drugs used in
modern medicine. The Madagascar rosy periwinkle (Cathrathus roseus) is
widely cultivated in Spain and Texas for its alkaloids vinblastine and
vinscristine, which are used for treating childhood leukaemia and hoolgkin
disease (Bauer et al., 1996).
The best known example is
probably aspirin, chemically related to a compound that was first extracted
from the leaves and bark of willow tree, Salix alba and a herb meadow
sweet, Filipino dula malaria. The anti-malarial drug quinine, extracted
from the bark of a South American tree, Cinchona ledgeriana, was first
brought to Europe (where malaria was widespread) in early 17th
century by Jesuit priests (Fruhstorfer et al, 2001). It was once
remarked that Oliver Cromwell died of malaria because he refused to be treated
with a “Jesuit” medicine. Synthetic guanine has now been developed for drug
use, but the bark is still in use to treat certain heart arrhythmias and
commercially sold as a bitter flavouring agent well known in tonic water
(Fruhstorfer et al, 2001).
Also, the bark of yohimbe, Pausinnystalia
yohimbe is used extensively in traditional healthcare system in West Africa
(Robber and Tyler, 1999).
1.1
Statement of the Research Problem
About
half of the number of death recorded in the tropical countries are largely due
to infectious diseases (Iwu et al., 1999). This can be linked to the
increasing bacterial resistance
to antibacterial drugs (Ojiako, 2014). Hence there is need to develop a more
convenient and very active therapeutic antimicrobial agents.
1.2
Aim of the Research
The aim of this
research work is to isolate and characterise bioactive components present in
the plant.
1.3
Objectives of the Research
i.
phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts,
ii.
antimicrobial screening of the crude extract of the plant,
iii.
isolation and identification of phytochemicals present in
the extracts and
iv.
antimicrobial screening of isolated/identified compounds.
1.4
Justification of the Research
Uapaca pilosa (Hutch) has been
used in many tropical communities in traditional medicine for the
treatment of protozoa, bacteria and fungi infections. To the best of our
knowledge, the phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity studies of Uapaca
pilosa have not been studied. Hence there is need to validate the
ethnomedicinal uses of the plant.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment