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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00003200
No of Pages: 77
No of Chapters: 5
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
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ABSTRACT
The world today is crisis ridden as a
result of economic recession, social problems that include ethnic hostilities,
religious intolerance etc. it is a result of this changing world order, warfare
has become sophisticated. To effectively combat this situation, regional and
subregional military cooperation are instituted to conduct peace-keeping
operations in line with international, regional and sub-regional groupings.
The study is divided into four
Chapters, Chapter one contains the introduction, statement of the problem,
justification of the study, methodology as well as aims and objectives of
ECOWAS. It also talked about the Africa and West African security scene in the
international environment, the
In chapter three, Pace Keeping activities,
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGES
Cover Page i
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Nigeria
and ECOWAS: Background Information 5
1.3 Justification
of Study 8
1.4 Methodology 9
1.5 Aims
and Objectives of ECOWAS 9
1.6 The
Africa and West African Security Scene in the
International
Environment 12
1.7 The
Nigeria Peacekeeping Role in Africa 14
Reference
and End Notes 17
CHAPTER
TWO
2.1 Introduction
19
2.2 Issue
Field 27
2.3 Theories
of conflict 28
References
and End Notes 31
CHAPTER
THREE
Peace-Keeping
Activities-Period 1990-2000
3.1 Introduction
33
3.2 Nigeria’s
Peace Keeping Mission in Chad 35
3.3 Nigeria
and the ECOWAS Peace-Keeping Operation
In
Nigeria 40
3.4 Antecedent
to the Sierra Leone Crisis 43
3.5 The
Deployment of ECOMOG to Sierra Leone for Peace-keeping47
References
and Notes 55
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.1 Summary
and Conclusion 56
4.2 ECOWAS
Limited Capacity for Peace-Keeping 57
4.3 Analysis
of the Impact of Peace-Keeping on Nigeria’s
Economy 64
4.4
Recommendation
on How To-Enhance Nigeria’s Foreign
Policy and Peace-Keeping Initiatives.
4.4 Conclusion
70
Bibliography 72
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
The idea of peacekeeping has its origin
from the provisions of chapter VI of the charter of the United Nations (UN)
which gave the UN a leeway to create modalities for an environment that is
conducive for international peace. The necessity for pacific settlement of
disputes by conflicting parties through reconciliation, arbitration or other
peaceful means of their choice is contained in article 33(1) of the charter.
The objective of peace-Keeping was to create a conducive milieu in which the
dispute can he negotiated since it is assumed that conciliation would be
difficult without the cessation of hostilities.
A peacekeeping force is therefore
designed to difuse tension, stabilize the conflict situation enough to enhance
peaceful settlement by the feuding parties and enable the dispute to be moved
from the battle field to the conference table.
Alan James defined the term as follows:
"a
peace-keeping body is a traditional looking military force, composed of a number
of battalions and the authority of a commander. The battalions will have been
detached from or supplied by various national armies, and the commander is
appointed by, and be responsible to, the international authority which has
arranged the operation".
It is evident that peace-keeping is
traditionally conducted under the auspices of an international authority, often
by the UN. However, the thawing of super power relations, has led to disruptions
of society's established order which in turn has led to increase in armed
conflict world over with the UN unable to meet the increase in request for the
deployment of peace - keeping forces to perform a wide range of tasks many of
which differ radically from the traditional concept of peace keeping.
The inability of the UN to meet this
function has led to such responsibility being shared by various other regional
and sub - regional organizations such as ECOWAS and other multilateral
international groupings such as the coalition of forces that fought the Gulf
War. Others are the Organization of American States, the Arab League, as well
as the AU. These, have at different times in the past sent troops into conflict
areas to aid the peaceful settlement of disputes in their respective regions.
The conflicts occurring within the
African region have not attracted quick international responses equal to the
attention received in other parts of the world because
ECOWAS was initially conceived of as an
organization for the integration of the economies of states in the West African
sub-region designed to promote the harmonious development of the economics of
member states which is to be achieved through the economic cooperation of the
states.
Shortly after the treaty establishing
ECOWAS was signed in 1975, the solidarity of the member states to the objective
of the organization became threatened arising from disputes between states and
sub-national groups within states. These conflicts are many and varied. For
instance, a group of mercenaries arrived
There is the boundary dispute between
The wave of demands for democratization
and true popular participation has spread across the subcontinent pre-empting
some government actors to seek and pursue democratic programs designed to
provide adequate and effective management of the process in order to avoid any
serious disruptions of social and political order. Unfortunately though, some
governments have forcefully resisted the demand for change, leading to
heightened tension and crisis. It is believed that the sub-region will witness
a much higher level of crisis arising from the destabilization of the internal
security of many member states unless definite steps are taken to stem the
tide.
Although ECOWAS was primarily designed
to integrate the economies of the member nations through the creation of a
common market and uniform economic policies, the growing security issues and
its disruptive impact on meaningful economic progress has constituted a major
impediment. This situation has necessitated serious deliberations by member
states of issues relating to their mutual defense.
Following the repeated appeals to all
warring factions to cease fire and despite the mediation committee proposed an
ECOWAS , Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) with troops to be contributed by
Essentially, ECOMOG was established as
a peace -keeping force and this study will seek to know to what extent it
realized this objective both in
1.2
To properly appreciate the prospects
and problems of peace keeping within the ECOWAS, it may be instructive to start
with noting some of the exciting and challenging contrasts in the 16 member
nations that form the ECOWAS: namely: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. For instance, the Republic of Cape
Verde consists of ten islands and five inlets right in the Atlantic Ocean and
about 640 kilometers Northwest of Senegal; whereas Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali
are entirely land-locked member nations.
In land mass, measured in square
kilometers,
Again in terms of population,
As for borders, the smiling coast of
the
Vegetation-wise,
Equally challenging is the matter of
official languages. Portuguese is used in
For currencies, you have Escudo (Cape
Verde), Peso (Guinea Bissau), Dalasi (Gambia), Cedi (Ghana), Guinea Franc (Guinea),
Liberian Dollar (Liberia), Ougiuiya (Mauritania), Naira (Nigeria), Leone
(Sierra Leone), and CFA France for Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali,
Niger and Senegal.
With an area of approximately 6,138,228
square kilometers and an estimated population of 239,017,850, ECOWAS is not
merely desirable but absolutely a formidable force in
The problems and prospects of peace
keeping within ECOWAS must be seen not in isolation but in their global context
that is to say, as man's desire to arrange for his future, in a situation of a
co-mingling of humanity in all its diversity, each participating in the search
for solutions to problems that, while affecting their members with a particular
intimacy, are yet global, being inextricably, problems of the world.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
This study seeks to critically analyze
the factors that contribute to political upheavals as well as other issues that
undermine the internal security of West Africa using
Furthermore, it will examine
The intractable conflicts within and
between West African states and else where in
The project will also examine the
thrust of
1.4.
METHODOLOGY
The research methodology will make use
of both primary arid secondary materials such as Newspaper clippings relevant
to the research topic. Relevant textbooks on
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ECOWAS
ECOWAS was created by the Treaty of The
Economic Community of West African States in 1975, signed in
1975, after ratification by seven
states. The ultimate objective of ECOWAS as affirmed in the preamble of the
treaty is inter alia.
To promote accelerated and sustained
economic development of their states and the creation of a homogeneous society,
leading to the unity of the countries of
The aim of the community as stated in
Article 2 of the charter are:
To promote co-operation and development in
all fields of industry, transport, telecommunication, energy, agriculture, natural
resources, commerce ... for the purposes of raising the standard of living of
its people, of increasing and maintaining economic stability, of fostering
closer relation among its members and of contributing to the progress and
development of the African continent.
These objectives of the community are
to be realized in stages thus:
a) The elimination between the member states
of custom duties and other equivalent charges having same effect on the importation
and exportation of goods.
b). The abolition of quantitative and
administrative restrictions on trade among member states.
c) The establishment of a common customs tariff
and a common commercial policy towards third world countries.
d) The abolition as between the member states
of the obstacles to the free movement of persons, services and capital.
e) The harmonization of the agricultural
policies and the promotion of common projects in the member states, notably in
the fields of marketing, research, and agro industrial enterprises.
f) The implementation of schemes for the,
joint development of transport, communication energy and other infrastructural
facilities as well as the evolution of a common policy in these fields.
g) The harmonization of the economic; and
industrial policies of the member states and the elimination of disparities in
the level of development of member states.
h) The harmonization required for the
proper functioning of the community, of the monetary policies of the member
states.
i) The establishment of a fund for
co-operation and development, and
j) Such other activities calculated to
further the aims of the community as the member states may from time to time undertake
in common.
These are no doubt high ambitions, and
indeed noble goals. Their message is of particular intimate poignancy in these
troubled times of senseless wars and civil strives caused by the greed,
intransigence and fool hardiness of power hungry men and women, who give not a
damn for fairness to all and the rule of law except that it suits them.
Experts agree that ECOWAS is an
endeavor to give effect to nation building within the concept of development
regionalism. This is a postulate that assumes that if one accepts that most of the
world's underdeveloped countries cannot develop by their rational efforts
alone, then the best option available to them maybe joint policies of economic
cooperation, co-ordination and integration designed to accelerate their overall
rate of economic development. Some feel that the vital role of increased economic
co-operation amongst developing countries as a whole is premised on their need
to rely on their own resources by expanding the flows of finance, trade
technology and skills amongst themselves. And that the strength that developing
countries can gain by utilizing some of their collective resources will enhance
their ability to influence global economic management and also mitigate the
dependency relationship that imperial rule (colonial powers) built into their
relationship with developing Countries.
1.6 THE
The international environment, has
produced dramatic changes precipitated by the collapse of the
On boarder outlook, many of the
conflicts that threatened the political instability of African states in 70s
and 80s were likened to the Cold War. The Angolan war was an extract of Cold
War, likewise
There was political instability in
1.7 THE
From time immemorial,
The
In West Africa sub-region,
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