THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OVER VOLTAGE/UNDER VOLTAGE SWITCHING CIRCUIT

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00002572

No of Pages: 46

No of Chapters: 5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

$12

ABSTRACT

The Project Design and construction of a transfomerless over voltage and under voltage switching circuits deals with low level and high level voltage inputs. It is designed and constructed to protect electrical equipment against excessive low voltage, which may result in malfunctioning, and excessive high voltage which may cause damage to the equipment.

The circuit has the advantage in that it is transformerless, hence, making the whole circuit very compact and cost effective. Because most electrical equipment function properly between voltages of 180V and 240V, this project is designed to operate within this range.

 

However, a delay is incorporated to handle the case of intermittent and electric surge. This helps to prevent the equipment from erratic switching.





TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Significance of the Project

1.2              Important Terms

1.3              Generalized Block Diagram

 

CHAPTER TWO   

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0              OP-AMOS and Comparator

2.1              Transistors

2.2              Relays and Electromechanical Devices  

2.3              Other Passive components

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0              Calculations, Design and Analysis

3.1              Circuit Description

3.2              Operation Principle

3.3              Supply (Dropper, Rectification/Smoothing, Regulation)

3.4              Window comparator

3.5              Differential Amplifier  

3.6              Designing the Window

3.7              Switching (Delay, Transistor Switching Relay)

3.8              Output

3.9              Circuit Diagram


CHAPTER FOUR             

TESTING AND CONSTRUCTION

4.0              Testing

4.1              Implementation

4.2              Construction

4.3              Problems Encountered


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0              Bill of Quantity

5.1       Maintenance and Troubleshooting


CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1       Conclusion

6.2       Recommendation

6.3       References  









CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

This project is titled OVER VOLTAGE AND UNDER VOLTAGE SWITCHING CIRCUIT  of specification (frequency 50Hz Norminal operating  limit of this cut – out are 180v – 240v). This circuit  is an electronics and safety device that is used to protect electronic equipment from line voltage fluctuations by switching  off the supply when the line voltage goes to high or falls too low. The supply to the equipment is restored automatically when the line voltage returns to its normal value.

Transformerless high/low voltage protector uses a capacitive reactance method of voltage divider to drop a main voltage to lower value for rectification as its supply section. The rectified and stabilized d.c is used to supply a comparator circuit  (connected as a window comparator) which compares the proportion of the range of the input voltage to two reference of the comparator circuit which in turns delivers on output to a switching circuit. The switching circuit, comprises of a transistor circuit and a relay. The contacts of the relay controls the power circuit which is used to power equipments connected to the circuit. In brief, it is the condition of the output of the comparator that determines when the equipment connected to it will switch ON or  OFF.

 

Having acquired the basic knowledge of electronics. It is found necessary to bring the exercise together to design and construct an electronic device that can sense whether the line voltage is too-high or too-low and then disconnect the supply to the load, providing a good amount of protection to electronics gadgets or electrical appliances.

To achieve this we employed the use of a number of preset variable resistors to increase or reduce the voltage drops of the circuiting. The use of transistor as a switch is also included in the design which regulates various input to the relay which now activates the load circuit when the voltage is considered suitable for the safe operation of the connected load. The operation amplifier in the circuit is used as a comparator. The relay and transistor (switching circuit) are used to cut-off supply to the load/appliances when the voltage is above the specification of this project.

 

1.1              SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT                                                     

The regulated output voltage from this cut-out safety device is used to operate electronic and electrical devices like refrigerators, photocopiers, sanding fans, radio, television, electric grinder and so on, from excess or low supply voltage.

 

1.2              IMPORTANT TERMS      

The following  terms are associated with power supply

(i)                 Range: The maximum and minimum limits of the output voltage of the power supply between 180v and 240v.

(ii)               Efficiency: The ratio of output power to input power expressed as a percentage.

Efficiency   = VoIL   x  100%

                        VacIac

Where Vo is the output voltage in volt

             IL is the load current in Ampere

Iac  is the input current from the main in Ampere Vac is the input voltage from the mains in volt. 

(iii)             Load regulation: The maximum change in output voltage due to a change in load current from no load to full load.

% voltage regulation  = No load voltage – Full load voltage       X  100%

                                                            No  load voltage      


1.3       GENERALIZED BLOCK DIAGRAM  

The project is divided into blocks as shown below.


Fig   1 Block diagram of Transformerless high/low voltage protector,

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