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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00005225
No of Pages: 83
No of Chapters: 5
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
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Shelling of groundnut pods (Arachis hypegea)
by hand is tedious, laborious and unhygienic with low efficiencies. As a result
farmer get low income due to amount of broken kernels and a lot of time is lost
in the tedious shelling operation. To overcome this problem, pertinent
parameters that influence shelling efficiency of pedal operated groundnut
decorticator were identified. Pedal operated decorticator were designed and
fabricated with chain and sprocket of bicycle and aluminum spike tooth is used
and evaluation was done in the department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental
Engineering Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin because it was
affordable and locally fabricated. A rotary motion mechanism was employed to
drive the decorticating drum while concave screen was fixed. The selection of
the screen aperture was based on the size and shape of the groundnut seed. The
factors considered in this project work were feed rate and operators
characteristics (height, weight and knuckle lengths). The evaluation of machine
was conducted while time was taken for each tests. The result of the pedal
operated groundnut decorticator revealed that operator III has the maximum
shelling efficiency of 65% was achieved at 9minutes, 16 seconds and breakage of
9% and throughput capacity of 15.3kg/hr. Operator II was the optimum shelling
efficiency of 56% at 12 minutes 44 seconds and breakage of 8% and throughput
capacity of 14kg/hr. Operator I has the minimum shelling efficiency of 47% at
11 minutes 44 seconds and breakage of 16% and throughput capacity of 15kg/hr.
The total amount used for the fabrication of the pedal operated groundnut
decorticator was totaled to Ninety-two Thousand and Seven Hundred Naira only (N92,700.00). The result of the fabricator
implies that the characteristics of Operator III is recommended to farmers who
shell for seed can now obtained more seed shelled with low breakage and will
get more income.
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
1.4 Justification of the
Project
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Physical Properties of
Groundnut
2.1.2 Determination of
Coefficient of Friction
2.1.3 Determination of Moisture
Content
2.2 History of Groundnut in
Nigeria
2.4 Post Harvest Losses of
Groundnut Seeds
2.5 Economic Importance of
Groundnut Seed
2.6 Factor Affecting
Shelling Operation
2.6.1 Cylinder-Concave
Clearance
2.7 Description of some
Threshing Equipment
2.7.2 Maize Dehusker-cum
Sheller:
2.7.6: Groundnut Decorticator Manually Operated
2.7.7 Power Operated Groundnut Decorticator
2.7.8 Pedal Operated Thresher (Paddy Thresher):
2.8 Terminology Related to
Thresher
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIAL AND
METHODS
3.1 Physical Properties of
Biological Materials
3.1.2 Determination of Size and
Shape
3.1.3 Determination of Moisture
Content
3.1.4 Determination of Mass,
Volume and Density
3.1.5 Determination of
Coefficient of Static Friction
3.1.6 Determination of Angle of
Repose
3.2 Description of the
Groundnut Pedal Operated Machine
3.4 Design Calculation and
Analysis
3.4.2. Design for Decorticating
Unit
3.4.3.1 Determination of Chain
Length between the Pedal and Idler Shaft
3.4.3.2 Determination of Chain
Length Between the Idler Shaft and Decorticating Shaft
3.4.3.3 Determination of Chain
Length Between the Idler Shaft and Blower Shaft
3.6 Fabrication Procedure
and Assembly
3.6.1 Fabrication of Main Frame
3.6.3 Fabrication of Bicycle
Pedal and Chain Drive
3.6.4 Fabrication of
Decorticating Drum
3.7 Principle of Operation
of the Machine
3.9.1 Sourcing of Experimental
Material
3.9.4 Instrumentation Used for
the Experiment
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
4.2.1 Physical Properties of
Groundnut Pods
4.2.2 Effect of Operator
Parameter Threshing Efficiency
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table No
Description
Pages
Table 3.1: BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND
EVALUATION (BEME)
Table 4.1 Data Sheet
for Physical Properties of Groundnut Pods
Table 4.2 Data Sheet
for Output Parameters
Table 4.3 Data Sheet
for Output
Table 4.4 Average
Performance of Thresher
Figure No
Description
Pages
Figure 2.2: Hand Maize Sheller
Figure 2.3: Groundnut
Thresher
Figure 2.4: Manual Operated
Groundnut Decorticator (Oscillating Type)
Figure 2.5 Power
Operated Groundnut Decorticator
Plate No
Description
Pages
Plate 3.1: Sample of Groundnut
Seed
Plate 3.2: Determination of Coefficient of Static
Friction and Angle of Repose
Plate 3.3: Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator
Plate 3.3: Digital Venier Caliper
Plate 3.4: Digital Weighing Scale
Plate 3.5: Digital Stop Watch Scale
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the
legume or beans family (Ashish and Handa, 2014; Atiku et al., 2014). It was first
cultivated in Peru. Its seed contain about 63% carbohydrate, 19% protein and
6.5% oil. Groundnuts are grown in tropical and subtropical climate regions and
warmer parts of temperature regions and it is low growing annual plant and has
a variety of uses. Prior to its usage
however groundnut need to undergo preprocessing which include drying and
shelling. Removing of kernels from the
pod is generally referred to as shelling or “decorticating” (Maduako et al., 2006). In Nigeria groundnut is mainly decorticate by
hands (traditional method). This method
is not hygienic as dirt from hands and mouth could pose health risk from the
nuts. (FAO. 2001).
Shelling is a
fundamental step in groundnut processing as it allows the kernel and hull to be
used as well as other post harvesting technologies to take place such as oil
extraction or in hull briquetting (Pradhana et al., 2010). Shelling is usually
carried out on the farm just before the farmer sells his product for the
following reasons: Kernel do not store as well as nuts in the shell and
groundnuts in the shell are fifty per cent heavier than kernels alone and
therefore costlier to transport. Shelling can generally be done by hand or
machine. Hand shelling is the process in which the pod is pressed between the
thumb and first finger so that the kernel is released. In mechanization now we use large and smaller
machinery for groundnut shelling. These machines are used in industries where
large production is required. There are different methods of shelling and
different machines have been fabricated and used to shell wide variety of crops
under different conditions (Nyeaanga et al., 2003., Atiku et al., 2004; Gitau et al., 2013; and Maduako et al., 2006). The peasant farmer
cannot afford this machine because they are too costly and complex in operation
and maintenance. Also the operator had
to be trained and spare part imported.
These factor increase the overall cost production which does not make
any economic sense to the farmer.
Research shows
that groundnut has an inherent poor storage life, if not threshed after
harvesting unlike some other crops, but in threshed forms, it can be stored for
a very long period of time (Onuoha 2010).
Therefore, to overcome the problem associated with manual threshing and quick
rate of insect infestation after harvesting, the development of groundnut
decorticating machine is of paramount. Traditionally the seeds are left in the
pods which would then be stored in a pot and would only be shelled when they
are needed for cooking (Ngugi, 2007),
shelling is one by hand or beating with a short stick or pestle and mortar,
followed by winnowing (Kaul and Egbo, 1985).
The constraints such as fatigue, high time energy inputs and inefficiency in
manual shelling of groundnut led to design and fabrication of pedal operated
groundnut Sheller that will go a long way in solving the problem of rural
farmers that are engage in groundnut production at small and medium scale
level.
The main
objective of the project is to design and fabricate a pedal operated groundnut
decorticator that will remove and separate the groundnut seed from the hull for
domestic and industrial uses.
The Specific Objectives are to:
1.
determine the
physical properties of groundnut seed in relation to the design of pedal
operated ground decorticator.
2.
design and
fabricate a pedal operated groundnut decorticator
3.
evaluate the
performance of the decorticator in terms of decorticating. Efficiency,
percentage of breakage, percentage of shelled seed throughput capacity.
1.4 Justification of the Project
Due to high
lose that are recorded due to lack of adequate power supply, these are expected
to be achieve at the end of the project. We can save the time and money by
using pedal operated groundnut decorticator, limited number of labour will be
required, groundnut will be available for domestic and industrial use. The fabrication
of the machine will encourage the farmers to grow more groundnuts.
The machine
would overcome the traditional method by reducing wastage due to crack or
crushed groundnut, to increase the efficiency, to reduce the hard work and to
reduced time to shell the groundnut, to develop a low cost machine which can be
used by farmer to convert their semi-finished (shell groundnut) into finished
product (groundnut) and it satisfies the need of village people to earn more
money.
Groundnut is
the sixth most important oil seed crop in the world and is widely cultivated in
Nigeria. The project work is limited to
groundnut seed. The variable factors to be considered in this study were feed
rate and characteristics of the operator (weight, height and knuckle length).
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