TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
1.2 SUSTAINABLE WATER USE IN NIGERIA
1.3 OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 WATER POLLUTION
2.2 CAUSES
OF WATER POLLUTION:
2.2.1 INDUSTRIAL
DISCHARGES AND OIL SPILLS
1.2.3
URBAN
RUN-OFF
2.3 EUTROPHICATION
2.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING
WATER EUTROPHICATION
2.6 NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT
2.7. PHOSPAHATE
2.8 NITRATE
2.9
HEAVY METALS
2.10 SOURCES
OF HEAVY METALS
2.11 TOXICITY
AND EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS
2.12 SYMPTOMS
OF HEAVY METAL POISONING
2.13 DIAGNOSIS OF HEAVY METAL POISONING
2.14 TREATMENT
OF HEAVY METAL POISONING
2.15
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
CHAPTER
THREE
3.1 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.2 APPARATUS /EQUIPMENTS
3.3 CHEMICAL REAGENTS
3.4 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS
3.5 PRE-TREATMENT
PROCEDURE
3.6 SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION
3.7 SAMPLES ANALYZED
3.8 DETERMINATION
OF pH, DISSOLVED SOLIDS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND TEMPERATURE
3.8 DETERMINATION
OF ACIDITY
3.9 PROCEDURE
3.10 DETERMINATION
OF ALKALINITY
3.11 DETERMINATION
OF HARDNESS
3.12 DETERMINATION OF THE PHOSPHATE
3.12.1 PREPARATION OF PHOSPHATE WORKING STANDARDS FOR CALIBERATION
3.12.2 PREPARATION OF ASCORBIC ACID SOLUTION
3.12.3 PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM ANTIMONYL TARTARATE
3.12.4 PREPARATION OF 4% AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE
3.12.5 PREPARATION OF 5N SULPHURIC ACID
3.12.6 PREPARATION OF COMBINED REAGENT
3.12.7 WORKING STANDARD AND THE SAMPLES COLOUR
DEVELOPMENT
3.13 DETERMINATION
OF HEAVY METALS BY LINEAR SWEEP ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
3.14 WORKING STANDARDS
3.15 CHEMICAL TEST RUN OF THE BASI-EPSILON
3.16 ANALYSIS OF WORKING STANDARDS FOR LEAD
CADMIUM, COPPER AND BACKGROUND SOLUTION.
3.17 ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLES
3.18 DIGESTION OF SAMPLES
3.19 ANALYSIS
OF WATER SAMPLES
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
4.1 Cyclic voltamograms of test run and
blank
4.2 LEAD, COPPER AND CADMIUM STANDARD
SCANNING
4.3 CONCENTRATION
OF HEAVY METALS
4.5 DISCUSSION
OF RESULTS
4.6 HEAVY
METALS RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
BACKGROUND
The
human population has increased since the development of science and technology
in this modern era, this has brought about greater demand for food all around
the world. Therefore, more industrial and agricultural activities are carried
out to sustain the needs of the increasing communities. Despite advances in the
science, engineering and legal frameworks, worldwide pollution of rivers,
streams and lakes has been one of the most crucial environmental problems since
the 20th century (Shrimali and Singh, 2001).
Pollution
is one of the menaces currently threatening human existence on the planet earth
(Alani et al.,2014).Water
is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic
contaminants and either does not support a human use, like serving as drinking
water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its
constituent biotic communities, such as fishes (Adesuyi et al.,2015.
The
major sources of pollution in streams, rivers, and underground water arises
from anthropogenic activities largely caused by the poor and unhygienic living
habit of people as well as the unfriendly environmental practices of factories,
industries and agricultural practices, resulting in the discharge of effluents
and untreated wastes. Studies carried out in most cities in Nigeria has also
shown that industrial effluents passed through drainages, sewerages and canal
are channeled into receiving lakes, streams and rivers
(Adesuyi et al.,2015).
Water
is one of the essentials that support all forms of plant and animal life
(Vanloon and Duffy, 2005). It is an essential multipurpose substance that is
being used every day for drinking, bathing, washing and many more. It is water
of fundamental important for life as many mechanism of metabolism and synthesis
needs water to be functioned well.
The impacts of water pollutants on the human
health and the environment depend greatly on the physiochemical characteristics
and the quantity of pollutants discharged. There are two types of water
pollution:
Ø Point
source pollution.
Ø Non-point
source pollution.
When
comparing both types of pollution, the point source pollution is known to have
fixed sources of pollutants which are emitted in large amount, while the
non-point pollution consists of mobile sources of contaminants which are
discharged in low quantity. The pollution from the point sources is often
detected and treated easily. Meanwhile, the emission of the pollutants from the
non-point sources is difficult to be traced and controlled. For instance, the
discharge of untreated municipal wastewater from factories and the domestic
wastes comes from human and animal excretion.
Food
bodies and household garbage are point sources of nitrate and phosphate
pollutants respectively. The dissolving of nitrogen oxides produced from
internal combustion engines and furnaces is another example of point source
pollution. In contrast, the agricultural activity is one of the main sources of
non-point source pollution (diffuse pollution). Typical examples of diffuse
pollution include the use of fertilizer in agriculture, pesticides from a wide
range of land uses, contaminants from roads, and atmospheric deposition of
contaminants arising from industry.
Diffuse
pollution occurs when potentially-polluting substances like phosphates nitrates
and heavy metals leach into surface waters and groundwater as a result of
rainfall, soil infiltration and surface runoff (Shapley et al., 1999).
Nitrate,
phosphate and heavy metals are among the most problematic pollutants which
highly affecting the surface and the groundwater all around the world they have
been neglected by many countries since the speedy development of industrial and
agricultural activities which has taken over the human awareness on the effects
of nutrients pollution to us and to the environments. Excessive nutrient inputs have been shown to be the main cause of
eutrophication over the past 30 years, this aging process can result in large
fluctuations in the lake water quality and trophic status and in some cases
periodic blooms of cyanobacteria. In situations where eutrophication occurs,
the natural cycles become overwhelmed by an excess of one or more of nutrients
such as nitrate, phosphate.
Eutrophication as a
water quality issue has had a high profile since the late 1980s, following the
widespread occurrence of blue-green algal blooms in some fresh waters.
Eutrophication will deteriorate the water quality in terms of high turbidity,
low dissolved oxygen concentration, unpleasant odor and bad flavor (Shapley et al., 1999). Besides decreasing the
water quality, the eutrophication will significantly increase the cost of
surface water treatment. The worst thing of all is that the excess weed and
algae growth will contaminate our drinking water and clog filters, which affect
human’s health. Some blue-green algae can at times produce
toxins, which are harmful to humans, pets, and farm animals.
Metals
are notable for their wide environmental dispersion from such activity; their
tendency to accumulate in select tissues of the human body; and their overall
potential to be toxic even at relatively minor levels of exposure. Some metals,
such as copper and iron, are essential to life and play irreplaceable roles in,
for example, the functioning of critical enzyme systems. Other metals are xenobiotics,
i.e., they have no useful role in human physiology (and most other living
organisms) and, even worse, as in the case of lead and mercury, may be toxic
even at trace levels of exposure. The term heavy metal refers to any metallic
chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous
at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals that are harmful to humans
include mercury, lead, and arsenic. Chronic exposure to these metals can have
serious health consequences. Humans are exposed to heavy metals through
inhalation of air pollutants, consumption of contaminated drinking water,
exposure to contaminated soils or industrial waste, or consumption of
contaminated food. Food sources such as vegetables, grains, fruits, fish and
shellfish can become contaminated by accumulating metals from surrounding soil
and water. Heavy metal exposure causes serious health effects, including
reduced growth and development, cancer, organ damage, nervous system damage,
and in extreme cases, death. (Rajeswari,
2014 ). Today,
much more is known about the health effects of heavy metals. Despite abundant
evidence of these deleterious health effects, exposure to heavy metals
continues and may increase in the absence of concerted policy actions. Mercury
is still extensively used in gold mining in many parts of Latin America.
Arsenic, along with copper and chromium compounds, is a common ingredient in
wood preservatives. Lead is still widely used as an additive in gasoline.
Increased use of coal in the future will increase metal exposures because coal
ash contains many toxic metals and can be breathed deeply into the lungs. The
presence of these metals in Ogun River can have serious health consequences (Alani et
al.,2014).
1.2 SUSTAINABLE
WATER USE IN NIGERIA
Water
is a finite resource that is very essential for human existence, agriculture
and industry. Without doubt, inadequate quantity and quality of water supply
have serious impact on water resources management and environmental
sustainability. Problem of this nature have been increasing in scope,
frequency, and severity because the demand for water continues to increase
while supply of renewable water remain fixed (Okoye, 2015). In Nigeria, the
primary responsibilities for water resources development are vested on
government agencies including the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, State
Water Agencies and non-government agencies such as UNICEF. Other government
agencies not directly concerned with water resources development but carry out
water resources developments include the Federal and State Ministries of
Agricultures and Environment. These agencies and private individuals carry out
water resources development projects in an uncoordinated manner with each not
taking into considerations the activities of the other.
The
National Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy
recognizes that water supply and sanitation are central to improvements
in so many aspects of human development, health, education, urban and rural
development, development of industry, and general economic development and thus
are central to the government's primary mission of poverty reduction. Therefore
water supply and sanitation should be a primary focus of the government. The
National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme proposed four sub-sectors for
water supply and sanitation: urban areas, small towns, rural areas, and water
resources management and sanitation.
Although
the overall public and private investment needs for improved water supply and
sanitation and water resources management are considerable, meeting such
investment challenges is highly feasible and within the reach of most nations.
So, there is the need to include Nigeria's water and sanitation service
development part of its economic development programme.
Access
to water and sanitation (MDG 7, target 10) is an important ingredient of
quality of life (Anad, 2006). So, there is the need to conduct a detailed
analysis and study of issues related to water quantity, water quality, and
water use in Nigeria. Results from such analysis should assist policy
formulation in the water sector.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The
main objective is to investigate the presence of pollutants such as of
Phosphate, and heavy metals in the water of Ogun River at Kara Abattoir.
The
specific objectives:
2. To
ascertain the extent of pollution in Ogun River at Kara Abattoir.
3. To
identify the health and environmental effects resulting from the pollution in
Ogun River at Kara Abattoir.
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