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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00002072
No of Pages: 73
No of Chapters: 5
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstracts v
Table
of contents vi-ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Information 1-3
1.2 The Ube Program 3-5
1.3 Linkage between Infrastructures in
and
Mdgs 5-8
1.4 Infrastructure Development and Economic
Growth
in
1.5 Statement of the Problem 13-16
1.6 Research Questions 16-17
1.7a Objectives of the Study 17
1.7b Specific Objectives 17-18
1.8 Research Hypothesis 18
1.9 Justification of the Study 18-19
1.10 Scope of the Study 20
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review and Theoretical
Framework 21
2.1 Theoretical Review 21-22
2.2 Concept of Infrastructure 22-25
2.3 Nature and Type of Infrastructure in
2.4 Regulation and Competition of Infrastructure
in
2.5 Infrastructure Appraisal and Evaluation for
an
Economic
Development 31-33
2.6 Funding and Financing of Infrastructure
Development
for Nigerian economy 33-34
2.7 Government Expenditure and Economic Growth
in
2.8 Review of
2.9 Policy Reforms in
2.9.1 Modeling the Link Between
Infrastructure,
Economic
Growth and Development 42-45
2.9.2 Problems of Infrastructural Development
in
2.9.3 Infrastructure Development in
Way
Forward 47-48
2.9.4 Broad Based Economic Growth with Equity 48-50
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 An Overview of
3.1 Method of Data Collection 55
3.2 Source and Nature of Data 55
3.3 Analytical Techniques 56
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Empirical Analysis of Regression 57
4.1 Variable Identification 57-58
4.2 Model Specification 58-59
4.3 Presentation of Regression Result 59
4.4 Interpretation and Discussion 59-61
4.5 Research Findings and Implication 61
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation
5.1 Summary 62-63
5.2 Conclusion 63-64
5.3 Recommendations 64-65
References 66-69
Appendix 70-71
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Nigerian
government has made significant efforts in recent years, not only in the fair
distribution of such facilities to different parts of the country but also to
increase the quality and improve the quality of such facilities.
The
development of infrastructural facilities today is the responsibility of the
Federal and state government. However, it should be noted, that until recently
most of the infrastructure facilities developed in the country were
established, staffed and controlled by religious organization, private initative
and other voluntary agencies such as local communities, individual and local
councils as pointed out by Stolper (1982).
The
fourth National Development plan of
Regarding
education as essential for the development of high quality manpower as been
recognized in the level of public expenditure on such institution like primary,
secondary and tertiary institutions in
It
is the primary objective of the Federal and State government to reduce the rate
of illiteracy; hence there is a rapid increase in Primary, Secondary and
University enrolment to a substantially increased level. Though the enrolment
in other educational institutions has shown a similar trend. The government
made education free especially primary education throughout the country. The
Universal Basic Education (UBE) has now made education compulsory up to Junior Secondary
Level.
1.2 THE UBE PROGRAM
Curriculum
renovation that is realistic and child centered, that is quick in rejuvenating
and revitalizing hope and passion for acquisition of broad based knowledge that
is worthwhile in a learner should be the focus of the structure. Methodology
that will aid self discovery and problem-solving ability which allow learners
the opportunity for creativity should be entrenched in the curriculum. Quality
and relevance are the two features that curriculum development in
According
to Ukpong (1979), inspite of the growth rate in electricity production and
consumption in
The
role of infrastructure and its effects as an agent of growth and development is
not a new phenomenon’s is a very important parameter for economic growth that
no one can deny. Development of infrastructure implies a complete modernization
of the economy as a while which leads to substantially increased output and
productivity. It entails conversion from peasant farming society to an
industrial nation; it is a way of change in the living standard, life
expectancy, reduction in infant mortality. It is perhaps for these reasons that
there is no unanimity as to the criteria for measures development of
infrastructure.
1.3 LINKAGE BETWEEN INFRASTRUCTURES IN NIGERIA
AND MDGS.
The
millennium development Goals (MDGS) are a series of time-bound development
targets aimed at addressing the challenge of under-development. The MDGS
address issues on infrastructural facilities and global partnerships for
development, agreed by the international community to be achieved by year 2015.
This is perhaps the most significant step in the war against poverty.
Attainment
of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) is largely dependent on the
availability of functional infrastructure. Decentralization is an opportunity
that can be used to realize the MDGS especially at the lower levels of the
society and Government. Decentralization, which is about central government
increasingly devolving certain jurisdictional functions to local authorities,
has diverse impact. A major impact area that can have direct benefit to
communities in the provision of infrastructure. This is because economic growth
is linked to poverty reduction and improved access to infrastructural services
induces economic growth in a cyclical manner. Therefore, carefully thought out
mechanism that ensures functional nexus of infrastructural services and
economic activities are rudimentary ingredients for liveable human settlements.
The
suitability and sustainability of human settlement for economic development is
strongly linked to the level of serviceability and liveability. Serviceability
connotes the quality of being able to provide good services and the extent to
which these services are adequately available in an area. Liveability, refers
to overcoming poverty, providing basic public services, maintaining minimum
level of environmental standards, adequate housing, security and safe
environment, access to amenity and learning institutions. The issue of
settlement service ability and liveability is infrastructure-based, where water
services function, as a basic amenity.
Water
is the worlds most important resource and a necessity of life. Adequate access
to social welfare services, such as medical services, education, portable water
supply, roads, electricity e.t.c. are strong indices of development (Adeyemo,
1989). Portable water supply is both a function of adequate and accessible
functional water infrastructure.
Water
infrastructure stands out of all infrastructures (Physical and social) as
critical to the attainment of the MDGS. This is because beside goal number 7
and target 10 which are specifically water based, issues addressed by goal 1-7
in general directly or indirectly relate to water availability. Meeting the
water needs of African countries would be many steps closer to attaining the
overall MDGS (AWDR 2006).
The
United Nation’s estimates 1.1 billion people lacking access to safe drinking
water, is compounded by the record of 2.4 billion people without access to
adequate sanction (Cunningham, 2004). African countries have embraced the
decentralization as a mark of good governance, given that it is an antidote to
poverty perpetuation.
In
2004 for example, safe water coverage in
In
view of the foregoing, it is obvious that water front is where the war of
poverty and by implication attainment of the MDGS would be won or lost. The
contention is that infrastructure, especially water infrastructure is critical
if MDGS are to be attained.
1.4 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH
IN NIGERIA
The
role of infrastructure as an agent of development is not a new phenomenon. A
wide range of evidence on the importance of infrastructure on an economy,
drawing the conclusion that infrastructure contributes to economic growth both
through supply and demand channels by reducing cost of production, contributing
to the diversification of the economy and providing access to the application
of the modern technology, raising the economic return to labour (by reducing
worker time in non-productive activities and improving health with skill).
(Smith 1776).
Furthermore,
infrastructure raises the quality of life by creating amenities, providing
consumption goods (Transport and Communication services) and contributing to
Micro economic stability (Kesside 1993).
World
Bank Report (2003), examined that ICT has definitely influenced, “Capital
deepening”, (Increased the intensity of Physical capital per unit labour) and
shown additional gains in assisting more efficient work organization outside of
ICT sector, where productivity gain have been significant both inside and
outside of ICT sector, it is proposed that this is the result of policy and
institution setting conducive to innovation and adoption of new technologies.
The report further stated that “Sound infrastructural development policy
setting is a key ingredient for sustainable long term growth”. Investment in
human, physical and knowledge capital is identified as the key driver of
economic growth and macro economic policies (including price stability, inflation
control, tax structure system, facilitating of international trade growth,
pro-competitive regulation facilitating the entry of innovation firm,
facilitating the skill and education of the existing and potential work force,
encouraging R and D (Research and Development) removing barrier to network
access) are found to facilitate investment.
As
observed by the United Nation, the provision of adequate amount of electric
power is important in the establishment and maintenance of a modern economy and
ensuring its growth.
Ukpong
(1979) stated that the disparities in the level of development between the
different states and geographical regions of Nigeria are attributed in part to
the uneven distribution of such facilities as education, health, transport, power
and Communication, he stated further that Nigeria has made significant efforts
in recent years, not only in the fair distribution of such facilities to the
different parts of the country but also increase the quality and improve the
quality of such facilities.
GOOD
GOVERNANCE, TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.
Corruption
is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected previous infrastructural
development effort in
The
manifestation and problem associated with corruption have various dimensions.
Among these are project substitution, plan distortion, mis-representation of
project finances, diversion of resources for usage to which were not meant for,
conversion of public funds to private use etc. The effect of corruption is both
direct and indirect on infrastructure shortage and increase in poverty. On the
other hand, the indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of
resources which paralyses growth rate and growth potential. When growth rate are
lowered, there will be no output and income to be redistributed, so poverty
will escalate. Direct effect is that the poor in the society are denied
resources and access to required life support infrastructural facilities that
could have been provided through judicious application of siphoned or diverted
resources. (Todaro, 2007).
A
related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in vandalization
or willful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected that
the bottom up approach identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the project, will minimize vanadilization. But beyond that,
it is crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security
of provisions.
Finally,
in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the management of poverty
reduction and infrastructure development programmes and projects, all the
stakeholders should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such
projects. To this end, there is the need for agreed infrastructure development
and poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders’ i.e. Federal
government, state government, local government, NGO’s and the international
donor community.
Nevertheless,
it is generally agreed that development of infrastructure is multi-dimensional
in nature having political and socio-economic implications.
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
state of the Nigerian roads has not been satisfactory despite its enormous
potentials for growth and development. The poor transport facilities and
infrastructure have severally delayed economic development, and this has weakened
the transport sector. However, only purposeful and realistic planning can lay
the solid foundation for sustained economic greatness of the Nigerian roads
which will form the base for the coming generation to build upon.
The
provision of roads and transportation facilities are fundamentally important to
the development of
Nigerian
roads needs urgent attentions, considering that an average of 50 people die
everyday by road accidents, as claimed by a survey (Minton 2000).
Only
80% of federal roads in
It
is obvious that “Numbers of accidents on the particular road, political
interest and concern and economic benefits form proposals submitted from
stakeholders serves as characteristics of pavement condition used in evaluating
pavement rehabilitation to Nigerian roads.
With
a 23, 000km of federal roads network, a workable senerio is the tasking of
about 60 small size specialized company to maintain about 400km of federal
roads each. This will only involve just 2 contractors per states with the total
cost per states with the total cost per year less than N160m. (Eberts &
McMillan 1996) there is urgent need to preach breakage from past wastefulness,
negligence, deceit and bad policy as regard the road network in the country.
However, the state of infrastructure in the country is alarming and calls for
urgent intervention of the government, private initiatives, public-private partnership
etc. so as to make infrastructure perform its role of nation-building and
development.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
importance of this study is to show the role of infrastructure and its effects
on economic growth of
1.
What are the effects of
infrastructural development on the overall economy of
2.
How can reliable infrastructure
development plan be achieved?
3.
How can
4.
What are the benefits of building
additional infrastructure to the existing ones?
1.7a. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
broad or major objective of this study is to examine the role of infrastructure
and its effects on the economic growth of
1.7b. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
i.
To determine the trend of expenditure
on infrastructure?
ii.
To examine the relationship between
various infrastructure expenditures and economic growth?
iii.
To make useful recommendations based
on the research findings.
1.8 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
Ho:
There is no significant relationship between infrastructure expenditures and
economic growth.
Ha:
There exist a significant relationship between infrastructure expenditures and
economic growth.
1.9 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The
purported drastic changes that lead to overall infrastructure development is
being expected to bring about a higher growth rate for economic production,
implying high output and supply of goods and services resulting in a reduction
in the general price level of goods and services. Ironically, this has not been
the case for instance; inflation has continuously rage against the economy.
Also
inspite of the numerous natural attraction of investment within the economy
such as the abundance of natural resources, extensive markets and enormous
amount of entrepreneurial skills e.t.c. This is as a result of several
unfavorable factors such as uncertainty about the policy environment, restrictive
and cumbersome regulatory framework, inadequate incentives, political
instability, reduction in cash flow as a result of weak demand and high
interest e.t.c. These has this worsened the unemployment situation which
otherwise should have been reduced by huge investment in infrastructure and
increase the infrastructural level for massive employment opportunities and
economic development.
However,
it is evident that a conflict exists between the expected role of
infrastructure in the overall economic development of
1.10 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
study covers the period 1981-2005. This was the period during which the
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