TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Preface v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1
History of maize
1.2
Maize production, cultivation and
planting
1.3
Economic importance
1.4
Aims and objective of the study
1.5
Terminologies in experimental design
1.6.1 Source of data
description
1.7
How do we select an experiment design?
1.7.1 What is
experiment design (doe)
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1
Weed flora
2.2
Material and methods
2.2.1
Experimental site (location)
2.2.2
Soil characters of the experimental site
2.3
Weed control method in maize
2.3.1
Manual method of weed control
2.3.2
Chemical method of weed control
2.3.3
Biological method
2.4
Pest
of maize
2.4.1
Stem barters
2.4.2
Grasshoppers
2.5
Disease of maize
2.5.1
Corn smut
2.5.2
Maize rust
2.5.3
Leaf spot
2.5.4
Maize streak
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology and data presentation
3.1 The study
3.2 Anova table for completely randomized design
(crd)
3.4 Data
presentation on effect of maize yield for year 2008 (show in the table below)
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Analysis of data
4.4.1 Analysis with treatment structure (year
2008)
4.2 Analysis with treatment structure (year 2009)
4.3 Analysis with treatment structure (year 2010)
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary
of findings, conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Discussion of result
5.2 Recommendation and conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project work is based on the
analysis of an experiment where this effect of weed control method tested on
the gain yield of maize. The experiment was carried out by the Kwara State
agricultural development project (KWADP) Ilorin,
during three consecutive years starting form 2008 to 2010.
1.1 HISTORY OF MAIZE
Maize
belong to a family of grass called cereals with botanical name ZEAMAYS.
Maize
is an animal plant of about 4.6 highlights inflorescence terminates the axis
and product both male and female flowers. It originated in a wild state in the
lowlands of tropical Southern American continent, probably in Mexico. Maize
was grown from grain with success at Woburn
between 1949 and 1956 (Man 1977).
Maize
proceeded North ward and played a prominent port in the civilization of the ay
as an azlects, it has new spread all over the world following the early close
movement by explores and traders it has distributed along the West African
early in the sixteenth century by Portuguese. It has become a dominant food
crop in many sub humid area of African of which Nigeria is one.
Maize
is the largest of the cereal, all over the annual grass attaining a height,
with a jointed stem which is solid and contains a considerable amount of sugar
when young. The leaves are large and narrow with way margins.
The temperature of both the soil and are
important, especially during the growing season form May to September the main
(average) summer temperature of 75of is the best more favorable.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAIZE
The
classification of maize is based on the anatomy of the leaf, physiological
nature of he plant green colour and sizes. Also maize could be divided
according to the structure of the grain, which depends upon the genetic
characters.
We
may have biotical classification as follows: kingdom of plant, division of
angiosperm, family of GERMINE, class of MAYDEA genes of ZEAMAYS and species of
LINN.
Some
variety of maize has high power of combating disease while some may not. Other
may be granted based on the amount of protein, vitamin and carbohydrates
contents e.g. popcorn, hint maize, dent maize, sweet maize and flour or set
maize.
1.2 MAIZE PRODUCTION, CULTIVATION AND
PLANTING
It
is same at the beginning of rainy season, seeds are treated with fungicide, and
maize requires soils that have well cultivated with amount of rainfall. The
choice of pant in ridges or on the flat land depends on soil conditions.
Mostly, planted on ridges with three seed in hole that is 2.5cm to 3.8cm deep.
Rain forest zone is a better maize preaching area in the country due to more
favourable rainfall and higher solar radiation.
Planting
is done in mid March to early April for the early maize while late maize is
planed by August to mid September and planted in holes of 30cm to 50cm along
the raw and 60cm to 90cm space between the raw.
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Maize gown best on rich well-drained
natural or alkaline soil become maize use large quantities be increased by he
application on nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizer.
Weeding is an important factor in he
reduction of leaf disease and offer completion early in the growth of the crop.
Weed offer a great competition to maize especially in the first two weeks of
growth, and most controlled for optimum performance. The methods of weed
control can be divided into:
1.
Cultural
method: Good farming practices contribution significantly
to the control of weeds on farm lands weed-free seeds should be planted at all
times.
2.
Mechanical
method: Tillage is an important mechanical method of weed
control primary tillage uproots weeds and buries them. The use of Han hoeing,
tillage moving flooding, heating and smoothening with non-living materials.
3.
Biological
method: Theoretically, the organism’s hat may be so
used as certain insects and disease causing (pathogenic) micro organism. That
the uses of parasites like insets and fungus that lives on weeds. Cropping and
competition method involve he production of crop that can complete in favorably
with weeds.
4.
Chemical
methods: The implication of chemicals (called herbicides)
for the purpose of controlling weeds is widely practiced. Herbicides may be
applied to the soil directly to the shoots of the weeds. If property done,
chemical methods of weed control are usually very effective. Destroy the crop
if uncontrolled. Birds are one of the pest maize grain or seed. Seed weevil
usually attacks he ripe pods in the field and seeds in the store.
The
recommendation for the control of insect pets maize include planting, spraying
with velox 85 can control the pest. And crop rotation can also reduced the indene
of he pest.
1.4 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Maize
grain is very nutritious with high percentage of easily digests carbohydrates,
fats and proteins, including few substances.
Maize
s an important food grown much in Nigeria,
Ghana
and some other West African countries the grain is prepared in different ways
to be eaten by man. It can boiled were wood is scarce (purse glove in 1977).
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
a.
To determine the appropriate level of
weed control method this will course high yield maize.
b.
To determine the best weed control for
the three years.
c.
To compare the yield of maize for the
years.
1.6 TERMINOLOGIES IN EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
Experiment:
Is the planning and collection of measurements or observation according to
pre-arranged plan for the purpose if obtaining factual evidence for or against
the stated theory or hypothesis.
The concept of experiment has a wide
application to those in the field of agriculture, biological science,
industries, medicine and physical science.
Design of experiment can be broadly
divided into two parts namely:
i.
treatment design
ii.
Experimental design
i.
Treatment
method: Involves the selection of treatment for an
experiment an example of which is a factorial experiment, an example of which
is a fact oral experiment.
ii.
Experimental
design: Is a set of rules for allocating treatments to
experimental unit. Each restriction imposed by the experimental design has
definite purpose
iii. Experimental unit of plot:
This is defined as the smallest unit to which a treatment is applied and on
which an observation is made. This may be on row basis or by plots. If it is by
row, each row is recorded individually and it it’s plot, it is recorded on plot
basis.
iv.
Randomization:
This is allocation of treatment to units which that the probability that a
particular treatment will be allocated to a particular units is the same for
all treatments. This is to ensure that a particular treatment will be
consistently favored or handicap.
v.
Treatment:
This is an entity or phenomenon under study in an experiment for the purpose of
this project; different levels of spacing and weed control method being trend
for maize are the different treatments.
vi.
Replication:
This is replication of the same treatment on different experimental units. It
makes it possible to minimize the bias and asses the mean square error required
for testing presence of treatment effect.
TABLE 1.6 EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT DOE CRD
Replicate total
|
|
Ri
|
R2
|
Rj
|
Erii
|
|
Treatment
|
y1
|
Y2
|
|
|
|
Ti
|
Yii
|
Y12
|
…..rij
|
Ri
|
|
T2
|
T21
|
Y22
|
….r2j
|
r2
|
|
T3
|
Y31
|
Y32
|
…..r3j
|
R3
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
Ti
|
Ri1
|
Ri2
|
Rij
|
r….
|
|
Ti
|
Ri1
|
Ri2
|
Rij
|
Tr
|
|
T1
|
|
|
|
Tr
|
|
Ey.i
|
y.1
|
r.2
|
|
r…EErij
ii
grand
Total
|
1.7.2
SOURCE
OF DATA DESCRIPTION
The
Data for this project is secondary it is collected form Kwara State Agricultural
Development Project, Ilorin
in Research and Planning Unit Section.
1.8 HOW DO WE SELECT AN EXPERIMENT
DESIGN?
The
choice of an experiment design depends on the objective of the experiment and
the number o factors to be investigated.
1.8.1
WHAT
IS EXPERIMENT DESIGN (DOE)
This
is one in which an experimental deliberately change one or more process
variables (or factors) in order to observe the effect the change have on one or
more response variables. The (statistical) design of experiments (DOE) is an
efficient procedure for planning experiment so that the data obtained can be
analyzed to yield valid and objectives conclusion.
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