ABTRACT
This study evaluates the cardio protactive effect of
N-hexane extract of Desmodium Velutinum stem on albino wister rat. Rats used in
this study were grouped into four and each group was fed differently. Rats in
group one, three, and four wre fed with the aid of a syringe without needle
with 6ml of the lipoprotein food mixture containing 3.6g of the cow’s brain
twice a day for seven days. Rats on group two was fed with only grower’s mash
and water for seven days; rats in group three was later administered orally 2ml
of dissolved vasoprin drug once in a day for 3 days. Rats in group four were
also administered orally 0.5ml of the liquid drug extract of Desmodium
Velutinum stem once a day for 3 days. During these three (3) days, the rats
were given grower’s mash and water. After the feeding period, the rate fed with
the cow’s brain showed a significant increases in the activities of marker
enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CKMB),
Aspartatatranseaminase (AST), Alaninetransminase (ALT), and
lactatedehydrogenase. This study shows that N-hexane extract of Desmodium
Velutinum stem possess cardio protective effect on albino wister rats than the
known drug (vasoprin) if only one can increase the dosage of the extract for a
period of time.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page
Approval
page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List
of tables and figures
Table
of Content
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
CHAPTER
TWO
Literature
review
2.0.
The heart
2.0.1.
Cardiovascular disorder
2.0.2 Diseases
Associated with Cardiovascular
2.0.3 Some
of the risk factor for cardiovascular disorder
2.1. Causes of cardiovascular
disorder
2.1.1 Symptoms of
cardiovascular disorder
2.2
Pharmacological treatment of
cardiovascular disorder
2.3 Medicinal
plant
2.4 Description of Desmodium Velutinum
2.4.1
Taxonomy of Desmodium Velutium
2.4.2 Uses of Desmodium
Velutium
2.5 Lipoprotein
Metabolism in the heart
2.5.1
Classifications of lipoprotein
2.5.2
Danger of high cholesterol level
2.6 Phytochemicals
analysis
2.7 Heart Marker
2.7.1
Types of cardiac Marker
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0Material
and Methods
3.1Identification
and extraction of plant material
3.2Hot
continuous percolation method
3.3Phytochemical
analysis
3.4
Experimental Animal model
3.5Collection
of blood sample
3.6Enzyme
profile Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
4.1Quantitative
Analysis
4.2Qualitative Phytochemical
4.3Heart
Marker Enzymes of Rats Fed With Various Sample
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0Discussion
5.1Conclusion
References
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
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TABLE 1
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TABLE 2
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TABLE 3
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FIGURE 1
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CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The
heart is a hollow muscular, cone-shaped organ, lying between the
lungs in a block of tissue called the mediastinum (Khader,
2004). The heart begins beating some few weeks following conception and beats
throughout life (Khader, 2004). It is also the strongest muscle in the human
body and functions to maintain a constant circulation of blood throughout the
body, it also acts as a pump and its action is composed of a series of events
known as the cardiac cycle. The heart is composes of three layers of tissue
which are; the pericardium, the myocardium and the Endocardium. The heart acts
as a pump which drives blood into and through the arteries, but the right and
the left side of the heart functions separately from one another some of the
diseases associated with the cardiovascular system includes coronary heart
diseases (CHD) which is the most common of heart diseases and it occurs when
the arteries supplying blood to the heart narrow or harden from the build-up of
plaque (Gina, 1996.),Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease(
CeVD),peripheral vascular disease, Heart Failure etc and some of the
pharmacological treatment includes Angiotesin commonly prescribes includes
Benazepril, Captopril, Moexipril, Beta Blockers which includes, Acebutolol,
Betaxolol,etc.
The heart marker enzymes includes creatine
kinasse(CK-MB)which is the enzyme used as the definitive serum marker for the
diagnosis or exclusion of acute myocardial infarction (Andreas,2009).
Troponin 1 Rapid test which is a lateral flow
chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of cardiac Troponin
1(CTn1)and its complex in human serum or plasma at the level equal or higher
than 1ng/ml. Myoglobin which is also designed for qualitative determination of
myoglobin in human whole blood serum or plasma as an aid in the diagnosis of
myocardial infarction (MI) and myoglobin is also a low molecular weight
cytoplasm protein which is released into the blood stream when muscle cells are
damaged and this protein is released into the blood stream more rapidly than
any other myocardial marker and elevated levels can be detected as early as one
(1) hour after the onset of AMI(Penttila,2002). Demodium velutinum has
been suggested to have some therapeutic effect in the treatment of
cardiovascular disorder and in the reducing of high cholesterol content in the
body.
Demodium Velutinum is one of the few
shrubs species that has been identified as a well adapted to acid
tropical soil and a good nutritive value(Schultze-Kraft, 2002).Every culture
has relied on the variety of natural medicines found in healing plants for the
therapeutic properties
(Armstrong,2004).Researchers find that food and their
individual constituents perform similar fashion to modern drugs and sometimes
better without the dreaded side effect. The leaves and young stems are rich in
crude protein and mineral elements and can provide higher levels of some
nutrient (Bakker, 1994). Natural plants have been valuable sources of mineral
agent with proven potential of treating infectious diseases and with lesser
side effects compared to the synthetic drug agents(Guyton, 2002).Hence
potentially useful drugs can often be recognized from their relative importance
and uses in folk medicine. Extract of Desmodium velutinum stem are used
traditionally in some diseases condition particularly headache and may be a
source of a pharmacological active agent useful in the treatment of aches and
pain(Anowi,2012). This work aimed at investigating any hypocholesterolemic
activity in the N-hexane extract of Desmodium Velutinum stem.
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