ABSTRACT
Checkmating unemployment
among Nigeria youth: fish farming option is a project meant to look into the
unemployment situation in the country, identify the course and effect and
possible effort being made by the government to remedy the situation. The fish
farming option can be seen as an option to checkmate unemployment. So, this
project focuses on exploring the fish farming business as the way youth can be
self-employed. This project is divided into five chapters with chapter one
starting with the background of the study, objective of the study limitation of
the study statement of research problem, scope of the study and justification
of the study. Several literature are review to see what other authority says
about the topic. So, several books, journals and other sources of information
were used to assess the level and nature of unemployment situation globally and
also in Nigeria. The option fish farming was expressively discussed for easy
understanding of those who intend to go for the business. The research
methodology aspect is the focuses of chapter three while the four deals with
data analysis and interpretation. The questionnaires were design and
distributed to the respondent, personal interview and observation were also
used to get the information. The data was interpreted using simple percentage,
regression analysis and spearman rank order correlation method were used to
test the two hypothesis of the fish farming reduce youth unemployment and fish
farming is a lucrative business. Finally, the whole finding were summarize,
recommendations were made and the chapter was concluded on the note that fish
farming could be a better option to checkmate youth unemployment in Nigeria and
also lucrative.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE I
CERTIFICATION II
DEDICATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
ABSTRACT VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background
of the study 1
1.2 Statement
of Research Problem 7
1.3 Research
Question 8
1.4 Objective
of the Study 8
1.5 Justification
of the Study 9
1.6 Scope
of the Study 10
1.7 Limitation
of the Study 10
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Introduction 12
2.1.2 Definition of unemployment 14
2.1.3 Taxonomy
of unemployment 14
2.1.4 Structure
of unemployment in Nigeria 19
2.1.5 Remedies of Unemployment Situation in Nigeria 20
2.2 Fish
farming, an option to checkmate Unemployment 25
2.2.1 Introduction 25
2.2.2 History
of fish farming 26
2.2.3 Construction
of fish pond 27
2.2.4 Method
of fish farming 27
2.2.5 Species
of fish that can be farm in Nigeria 29
2.2.6 Care
and feeding of fish 30
2.2.7 How to
start fish farming business 31
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Research
Methodology 34
3.2 Method
of data collection 34
3.3 Sample
design 35
3.4 Justification
of sample size 35
3.5 Method
of data analysis 36
3.6 Research
Hypotheses 36
3.7.
Organization Structure of Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture 37
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Data Presentation
38
4.2 Data Analysis 38
4.3 Testing
of research hypotheses 48
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary,
conclusion and recommendations 53
5.1 Summary
of findings 53
5.2 Conclusion 54
5.3 Recommendation 54
References 56
Appendix 57
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Unemployment is defined according to
Oxford Advance Dictionary as the fact of number of people without a job. Harold
Goldstein (2008) defined unemployment as enforced idleness of
wage earners who are able and willing to work but cannot find jobs. In
societies in which most people can earn a living only by working for others,
being unable to find a job is a serious problem. Because of its human costs in
deprivation and a feeling of rejection and personal failure, the extent of
unemployment is widely used as a measure of workers' welfare. The proportion of
workers unemployed also shows how well a nation's human resources are used and
serves as an index of economic activity.
Unemployment is a global phenomenon in this
21st century. For example the rate of unemployment in Belgium stood
at 8.7% (statistics institute of Belgium, 2010).United Arab Emirate rise to
12.7% (Emirate business April, 2008). United State of America is 9.8% (office
of national statistic US November, 2010).
The rates of unemployment in Africa are
listed below: -
Ø South Africa 25.3% (statistic South
Africa, 2010)
Ø Nigeria 19.7% (National Bureau for
statistic federal Republic of Nigeria
2009, September).
Economists have described the
causes of unemployment as frictional, seasonal, structural, and cyclical.
Frictional unemployment arises
because workers seeking jobs do not find them immediately; while looking for
work they are counted as unemployed. Friction in this case refers to the
incongruity between the demand for and supply of labor.
Seasonal unemployment occurs when
industries have a slow season, such as construction and other outdoor work in
winter. It also occurs at the end of the school year in June, when large
numbers of students and graduates look for work. At its seasonal high point
(January and February), Structural unemployment arises from an imbalance
between the kinds of workers wanted by employers and the kinds of workers
looking for jobs. The imbalances may be caused by inadequacy in skills,
location, or personal characteristics. Technological developments, for example,
necessitate new skills in many industries, leaving those workers who have
outdated skills without a job.
Cyclical unemployment results from
a general lack of demand for labor. When the business cycle turns downward,
demand for goods and services drops; consequently, workers are laid off. In the
19th century, the U.S. experienced depressions roughly every 20 years.
However, several effort have been made
to tackle unemployment globally through fund from international economic
organization (like World Bank, International monetary fund, European Economic
Community), Government, corporate organization, non Governmental parastatal and
individual. Attentions are driven toward creating job rather than seeking for
job.
Ogunleye G.A. (2004) says in the face
of severe unemployment experienced by a country as Nigeria, small and medium
scale is usually the way out. The experience of some developed countries like
United States of America and China that SME has contributed to the growth and
development of these economies, especially in terms of employment, contribution
to GDP, export, etc. it is as a result of these that U.S.A currently has a
small business sector that has about 22 million small sector generating more
than a half of the country’s GDP, employing about 53% of the total private
workforce, and is responsible for creation of all new jobs. Also in china, the
number of township enterprises (as SME are called ) increase from 1.52 million
in 1978 to 19 million in 1991. During this period, their employees increased
from 28 million to 96 million. The same is true of rural Middle East and Asian.
In a developing country like Nigeria,
SMEs have been recognized as the foundation for achieving rapid economic growth
and development by way of their output as well as employment potentials.
However, despite the numerous advantages of SMEs, the contribution of this
sector to the overall economic development of the nation has over the years
remained low. Because of this problems and in recognition of SMEs advantage
federal government of Nigeria has over the years continued to play pioneering
and active roles since the 1970s in stimulating SMEs. Notable among the past
present and measures for combating unemployment include:
1.
provision
of strong institutional support which can be seen in the following:
·
The
establishment of the small scale industries credit schemes (SSIC) in 1971.the
scheme was operated as a matching grant between state and federal government to
make credit available for small and medium enterprise.
·
The
establishment of industrial development centers (IDC) 1970-1975.under the plan,
#800,000 was allocated for setting up IDCs in various parts of the country. The
aim of government was to provide extension services to the SME as they relate
to product development, entrepreneurial training, and technical appraisal of
loan application as well as managerial assistance.
·
Establishment
of National Directorate of Employment (NDE) 1986. Through the Directorate, a
number of programmes such as small scale industries, youth Employment and
vocational skills Development, etc, were embarked upon to boost employment.
·
Working
for Yourself Programme (WFYP) with the assistance of British council and the
international labour organization (ILO), the federal ministry of industries
established this programme to provide technical skills to business
entrepreneurs.
2.
Establishment
of industrial banks and ensuring easy access to credit facilities at reasonable
rates. Government realize fund to the established bank through central bank of
Nigeria. The established banks are:
o
The
Nigerian industrial development bank (1964).the bank can grant loan from #
50000- #15 million but not more than the 75% of the fixed asset of the business
being finance.
o
The
Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (1973) to furtherance of its objective
to ensure availability of finance to indigenous entrepreneurs.
o
National
economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND) Set up in 1989 to provide medium to long
term loan for SME.
The government, Non-Governmental
organization and individual citizen of Nigeria effort have gone a long way in
generating employment across the sectors of the economy.
Despite the effort
made so far to combat unemployment, 29,550,000 youth are still unemployment
(national bureau for statistics federal republic of Nigeria 2009) which means
by implication the number will increase by some Nigeria Youth Corp who will
step into the labour market this year. To remedy this government can work on
the sector that has the potential of generating employment i.e. agricultural
sector particularly fish farming.
In 2004 the total world production of
fish farming was 140,500,000 tones and the growth rate has been sustained and
rapid, in 2007, its market reached $ 86 billion (Source: World Fisheries and Aquaculture),
which tells us that fish farming has the potentiality of creating employment
globally.
Fish farming is an important economic
activity in China. Between 1980 and 1997, the Chinese harvests grew at annual
rate of 16.7 percent, jumping from 1,900,000 tones to 23,000,000 tones (Source:
Chinese Bureau of fisheries report, 2005) which account for 70% of world
production of fish.
Nigeria as a nation has a population of
150 million people (Source: population Census 2006) with the unending demand
for fish by her populate can adopt the measure that China used in combating unemployment.
Therefore, fish farming is one of lucrative business one can learn and earn a
very good profit.
WHAT
THEN IS FISH FARMING?
According to Grace .O. Evbuomwan (2004)
defined fish farming as the art of growing and breeding fish in enclosures such as ponds, multipurpose water reservoirs,
irrigation and drainage channels, fish pens constructed at the edges of rivers
or lakes, water filled burrow pits as well as fish cages floated on rivers or
lakes.
Fish
farming has the following braches which one can specialize and expand as time
goes by: -
1.
Construction
of fish ponds
2.
Production
and selling of fingerlings
3.
Buying
and Nurturing of fingerlings to juveniles and post juveniles stage
then crop.
4.
Buying
and selling of feeds
5.
Fish
farming consultant.
Fish farming Nigeria contribute to the
Nigeria GDP of #216.417 billion (source Chairman Fishery society of Nigeria)
and small and medium scale fish farming contribute #14 billion to the economy.
This is indeed an eye opener to a lucrative business one can start and make
cool money.
1.2. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Unemployment is a social evil that must
be kept at an acceptable level because it bring about increase in crime rate
and other social vices among the youth, ranging from prostitution , political
violent, internet scam, kidnapping, militancy in Niger delta, drug
trafficking armed robbery and girl
trafficking to Italy. It also brings about loss of dignity, human suffering,
poverty, family disintegration etc.
The need to create employment has made
government to be taking several measures to tackle the problem through
conversing for entrepreneurial behaviour among the youth
accompany with initiating of several developmental and empowerment
programs through national directorate for employment, releasing of fund from
centre bank of Nigeria through bank of industry to micro finance bank.
The fish farming can be considered as
an option in the face of unemployment as Nigeria is yet to meet the increase in
demand for fish as an alternative source of protein that is not carcinogenic.
Fish farming is an economic activity that could lead to improved income and
quality of life and it have a high rating because the net return on investment
is relatively higher than that of other animal species and its contributory
role to national economy cannot be over emphasized.
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION
For the effective research study,
researcher shall find answer to the following question:
1.
How
lucrative is fish farming?
2.
What
is the minimum capital requirement to set up the business?
3.
What
are the danger and risk to watch out for?
4.
What
is the technical knowledge one must possess before venture into the business?
5.
What
is the anticipated pay back period of investment?
6.
How
can one source for fund to finance the business?
7.
What
are the branches and method of fish farming?
8.
What
is the marketing potential of fish farming business?
The
study will help to critically appraise fish farming as an option to reduce unemployment among Nigeria
youth.
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The search light of this research is
primarily focus on fish farming as a tool to combat unemployment. This study
will be an eye opener for youth to look inward and see many lucrative business
opportunity he/she can embark upon. In the light of this, the following
objectives world be addressed and these include: -
a.
Revealing
ways of gaining financial support for business.
b.
Offer
possible solution to the danger and risk involve in fish farming.
c.
Comparing
other businesses with fish farming business so as to ascertain the better
option of your choice.
d.
Exploring
marketing potential of fish farming.
e.
Awareness
of Ethics, Government rule and Regulation girding the business.
f.
Extensive
study on, “how can I get the business started”.
g.
Step
by step’s approach of becoming a large scale fish farmer and earn maximum
profit.
1.5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The study will be of great importance
to: -
i.
Individual
who is at the valley of decision concerning what kind of business to start and
how lucrative can it’s be.
ii.
The
corporate organization seeking to diversity its business can as well discover
through this research the potentiality of fish farming business in the market
and its profit maximization.
iii.
The
Government, after been aware of the research by the World Bank that majority of
Nigerians falls below the poverty line of $1 per day (World Bank 2002). In
looking for how to create employment, fish farming should be consider with the
potentiality of creating 23,000 jobs (source chairman fishery society of
Nigeria i.e. FISON).
iv.
The
insecurity in the country which is militant in Niger delta, kidnapping, robbery
and prostitution is as a result of poverty and unemployment so this study will
go a long way to appeal to the hungry man who is angry and at the same time
bring morality to the country.
v.
Several
undergraduates are yet to know that labour market is oversaturated and seeking white collar job can be
a mirage. Therefore, the study is just establishing to undergraduate to look
beyond getting certificate.
vi.
One of
the richest man in the whole world (Bill Gate) is not a civil servant but an
entrepreneur therefore the topic is justify the fact that one can only serve
purpose of God and of man having a personal businesses.
1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is wide. This is
because unemployment is a global issue and there are May businesses that are
option to checkmate unemployment among youth. However this study will be
confine to fish farming as an option to checkmate unemployment.
Objectively, accessing this study
properly will make the researcher to narrow the research to Kwara State
Ministry of Agriculture and Fish Farming business in Ilorin Metropolis, but
will generalize the result with what can be obtainable to Nigeria as a whole.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The time and financial constrain are
the major limiting factor of this study. Also, on the part of the respondent
some information was considered confidential. Some of the fish farmer don’t
keep record of their produce in a year because of their educational level.
Lastly at the ministry, the statistical
data of the fish farmer in Kwara State was not accessible at the time of this
study because it was lent out to other student of another institution and they
could not return it.
As a result of this, proper management
of time and money will be made so as to make an effective research.
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