DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM CONTENT IN ANIMAL (SHEEPS) BONES SAMPLED AT DUTSE ABATTOIR

The determination of calcium content in bones is essential for evaluating bone health, diagnosing diseases, and monitoring treatment outcomes. Calcium, mainly present as hydroxyapatite, provides structural integrity to bones and plays a critical role in metabolic processes. Analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) allow for precise measurement of calcium concentrations, offering insights into bone mineral density and composition (Kleine-Boymann et al., 2023; Song et al., 2023).

Osteoporosis, a condition marked by diminished bone mineral density, underscores the importance of calcium in maintaining bone strength. Accurate quantification of calcium levels is vital to understanding disease progression and assessing therapeutic interventions. Studies reveal that calcium deficiencies can lead to increased bone fragility, making the use of reliable measurement techniques indispensable (Al-Hazmi et al., 2022; Sasakova et al., 2018).

Traditional methods like AAS have been widely used for their precision in elemental analysis. However, advanced techniques like ICP-MS and ToF-SIMS provide enhanced sensitivity, enabling the detection of trace elements and isotopic ratios. These methods are invaluable for studying the effects of diet, medication, and environmental factors on bone composition (Mushtaq et al., 2022; Pereira et al., 2021).

Recent advances have focused on non-invasive and in situ techniques for analyzing bone calcium. Methods like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy enable rapid and non-destructive evaluation of bone samples, expanding their application in clinical and research settings (Haraguchi, 2007; Gaharwar et al., 2013).

The integration of imaging techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), provides a comprehensive understanding of calcium distribution at microstructural levels. This combination facilitates the assessment of bone remodeling and the effects of therapeutic agents on bone quality (Ali et al., 2023; Orthman et al., 2003).

Environmental and dietary factors significantly influence bone calcium levels. Studies highlight the impact of pollution, lifestyle, and nutrition on bone mineralization. Understanding these factors through detailed calcium content analysis can guide public health interventions and improve preventive measures (Van Bavel, 2013; Nangia et al., 2018).

Animal models play a crucial role in studying bone calcium dynamics under various conditions. For example, ovariectomized rodents are commonly used to simulate osteoporosis and evaluate the efficacy of calcium supplements and pharmacological treatments. These models provide valuable data for clinical translation (Humaira and Jose, 2009; Fungaro and Magdalena, 2012).

In conclusion, the determination of calcium content in bones is a multidisciplinary effort involving advanced analytical techniques, imaging modalities, and experimental models. These approaches not only enhance our understanding of bone biology but also pave the way for improved diagnostics and therapeutics in bone-related diseases (Ciampi et al., 2024; Song et al., 2023).

1.1 Statement of the Research Problem

Calcium deficiency in bones remains a critical issue in understanding and managing skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and rickets. While calcium quantification methods have evolved, the accuracy, reliability, and accessibility of these techniques still pose challenges. Additionally, factors like environmental pollution, dietary deficiencies, and age-related changes influence bone calcium levels, yet their impacts remain poorly understood. This research seeks to address these gaps by employing advanced analytical methods to quantify calcium in bones and explore factors affecting its concentration.

1.2 Justification

Understanding the calcium content in bones is essential for diagnosing and preventing bone-related diseases. Advanced analytical methods provide precision and reliability, contributing to better clinical interventions. This study will offer insights into calcium dynamics in bones, enabling improved dietary recommendations, treatment regimens, and public health strategies. The findings will also support environmental and nutritional studies by linking calcium levels to external influences, providing a comprehensive understanding of bone health.

1.3 Aim

The aim of this research is to determine the calcium content in bone samples using advanced analytical techniques and explore factors influencing its distribution and concentration.

1.4 Objectives

1. To measure the calcium content in bone samples using modern analytical techniques using AAS
2. To evaluate the influence of age as a factors of bone calcium levels.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This research focuses on the quantitative analysis of calcium in bone samples, emphasizing accuracy and reliability of measurement techniques. It will assess the effects of environmental, dietary, and age-related factors on calcium levels. Limitations include restricted access to diverse sample populations and potential variability in environmental conditions.