ABSTRACT
In
this research, an hydrological modelling tool, soil and water assessment tool
(SWAT) used to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield
in a watershed. The model was run for 31years using spatial data such as
Digital Elevation Model, soil map, land use and precipitation, wind and solar
radiation. The results showed that the maximum value of surface Runoff was estimated
as 19100.034mm in the year 2005 while the minimum surface Runoff was 1000.671mm
in the year 20017. The maximum value of sediment yield was estimated as
2340.532mm in the 2005 and the minimum value was estimated as 34.769mm in the
year 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
List of Figures ix
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Aims & Objectives 2
1.4 Justification 3
1.5 Scope of Study 3
1.6 Description of Study Area 3
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Sediment Source Analytical Techniques 5
2.2 Sediment Yield Measurements 6
2.3 Field Measurements of Sediment Yield 7
2.4 Sediment Yield Modeling 7
2.5 Brief Description of Selected Hydrology Models 8
2.5.1 RIBASIM 8
2.5.2 WEAP 9
2.5.3 Realm Resource Allocation Model 9
2.5.4 HSPF Model 10
2.5.5 AGNPS Model 10
2.5.6 SWAT Models 11
2.6 SWAT Model Description 11
2.7 Water Shed Hydrological Modeling. 11
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Methodology 13
3.1 Model Selection and Description 13
3.2 Model Input Data 14
3.3 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 14
3.4 Soil Map 15
3.5 Weather Data 16
3.6 SWAT Model Set-up and Run 16
3.7 Water Shed Delineation 16
3.8 Land use map of the watershed 17
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 RESULTS 19
4.1 Temporal Variation of total
means for surface runoff 19
4.2 Temporal variation of total means for sediment yield 20
4.3 Temporal variation of annual means for sediment yield 21
4.4 Temporal variation of annual means for surface runoff 21
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Conclusion 23
5.1 Recommendation 23
References
LIST OF FIGURES
|
Figure
|
Description
|
Page No.
|
|
1.1
1.2
1.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
|
Map of
Nigeria
Offa
watershed
Kwara
State Map
Technical
workflow of the study
Digital
elevation model of the study area
The Soil
map of the study area
Watershed
delineation
Land use
map
Temporal
variation of surface Runoff
Temporal
Variation of annual means for sediment yield
Temporal
Variation of annual means for sediment yield
Temporal
variation of annual Means
|
4
4
4
13
15
15
17
17
18
19
20
21
|
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Water
is an integral part of life, as human beings derived from the environment several
services that are necessary for the survival, Water is one of the basic needs
that human beings cannot live without; indeed water is life! Therefore,
water-related (hydrological) ecosystem services provided by the environment
(e.g provision, regulation and purification of freshwater) are quite valuable
and important for human well-being. This underscores the importance of sound
watershed management for continued provision of hydrological ecosystem
services. From a hydrological point of view, a watershed includes all land
contributing water (surface and ground water) to a reference point.
It
is therefore obvious that land comprising of any watershed would generally be
under other uses such as forests, agriculture and urban centers, which might commonly
be considered ‘primary’ land uses. This means that watersheds provide other
important ecosystem services, beside provision of hydrological ecosystem
services. In some cases, enhanced provision of some ecosystem services may also
lead to reduced capacity of watersheds to provide other services e.g. intensive
cultivation to maximize food production may also lead to increase in soil
erosion and consequently degradation of water quality.
Sediment
yield is the amount at a point of interest in a particular period of time which
occur due to heavy rainfall, are normally as tones per year or kilogram per
year.
A
large part of failure to achieve reasonable estimates of average annual
sediment lies in particles of extrapolating relationship derived from field data
with no consideration of appropriateness for future conditions.
Sediment
yield is affected by many factors such as climate, soil, relief, vegetation and
human influence. Runoff refers to as the part of water cycle that flow over
land as surface water.
Runoff has been used as a variable
representing climatic conditions and includes not only the water that travel over
the land surface and through channels to reach a stream but also interflow, the
water that infiltrates the soil surface and travels by means of gravity toward
a stream channel.
In this study offa water shed is
simulated to predict the surface runoff and sediment yield. The spatial and temporal
variation obtained can be used as a decision support tool in the management of
the water shed.
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Recent
flooding issues in Nigeria as a result of excessive rainfall has resulted into
runoff and sediment yield in the area. Therefore in order to manage the water shed
sustainability, it is necessary to predict the variation of sediment yield and
runoff in the area which can serve as a data base in managing the
watershed.
1.3 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of the research was to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of
sediment yield and runoff in Offa watershed.Specific objectives achieved are:
i. Predict
the surface runoff and sediment into watershed
ii. Develop
temporal variation map of sediment yield and runoff
iii.
Develop spatial variation map of sediment
yield and runoff
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The Spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield
and runoff in the catchment area can serve as a decision support tools to water
managers in the area to plan a sustainable management of the water shed.
1.5 SCOPE
OF STUDY
The scope of the work was limited to the study of
temporal variation of sediment using temporal data of 31years from 1986 to
2016. the analysis was based on preliminary modeling results obtained from
digital elevation model (DEM) land use and soil map to predict the optimum
variation of sediment yield and runoff generation in Offa water shed.
1.6 DESCRIPTION
OF STUDY AREA
Offa
water shed is located in offa local government area of kwara state Nigeria. It
is one of the main water supply in its locality, it is about 43km from Ilorin
the capital of kwara state it fall within the latitude 8.1393o N and
4.71740 E. The map is shown
in figure 1.1-1.3
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