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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00001478
No of Pages: 70
No of Chapters: 4
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
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ABSTRACT
In
tradictional setting, Spondias mombin
is used in the management of different ailments. This has been attributed to
its rich phytochemical and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study
evaluated the phytochemical as well as antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts
of Spondiasmombin. The extracts of Spondiasmombin were investigated for
phytochemical such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids,total flavonoids, total
phenol and proanthocyanidin, while the in
vitro antioxidant activity were determined using ferrous metal chelating
assay, antioxidant power assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay,
1,1-diphenyl-2,2-picry-hydazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Result obtained
for phytochemical studies reveal that phenolic content was highest in the
aqueous extract of Spondiasmombin
stem bark as against aqueous extract of Spondias
moimbin root which have a low phenolic content. Also, proanthocyanidin was
highest in aqueous extract of Spondaismombin
root and low in aqueous extract of Spondiasmombin
stem bark. Qualitative study show the presence of the various pyhtochemicals in
varying amounts, however, alkaloid were absent in both aqueous extract of spondiasmombin root and stem bark,
tannins were present only in aqueous extract of Spondiasmombin stem bark, while cardiac glycosides were present
only aqueous extract of Spondiasmombin
stem bark. The aqueous extract of Spondiasmombin
stem bark showed the best IC50 value (2.66 ×109) for
1,1-Diphenyl-2,2-picry-hydazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, when
compared with root extract, but, was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that
of the standard, vitamin C (1.281). Also, aqueous extract of Spondiasmombin stem bark showed the best
IC50 for ferrous metal chelating assay when compared with the root
extract, but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of standard, (EDTA)
(4.031). Therefore, Spondiasmombin
has a great potential for use as a natural source of antioxidants against free
radical damage.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - v
Table of content - - - - - - - - - vi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - ix
CHAPTERONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - 1
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - - - 3
1.2 Plant Morphology - - - - - - - - 3
1.2.1 Scientific
classification - - - - - - - 4
1.2.2 Common names of Spondiasmombin - - - - - 5
1.2.3 Non-Medicinal Uses- - - - - - - - 5
1.2.4 Medicinal uses - - - - - - - - 7
1.2.5 Biological
Activities of Plants - - - - - - 8
1.3 Antioxidant - - - - - - - - - 9
1.4 Phytochemical - - - - - - - - 13
1.4.1 Phytochemical as
candidate of nutrients - - - - 13
1.4.2 Food and
Phytochemical - - - - - - - 14
1.4.3 Flavonoid - - - - - - - - - 14
1.4.4 Tannin - - - - - - - - - 18
1.4.5 Phenol - - - - - - - - - 22
CHAPTERTWO
MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Chemicals and Reagents - - - - - - - 28
2.2Equipment and Apparatus - - - - - - - 29
2.3 Collection and
Identification of plant - - - - - 31
2.4 Preparation of plant
Extracts - - - - - - 31
2.5 Qualitative phytochemical
analysis - - - - - 32
2.6 Quantitative Analysis
Phytochemical screening - - - 33
2.6.1 Determination of
total flavonoid content - - - - 33
2.6.2 Determination of
Total Phenolic Content - - - - 34
2.6.3 Determination of
proanthocyanidin content - - - - 34
2.6.4 Determination of
total Tannin - - - - - - 35
2.6.5 Estimation of
diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical - - 35
2.6.6 Ferric Reducing
Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay - - - 36
2.6.7 Reducing Power Assay - - - - - - - 37
2.6.8 Metal Chelating
Activity - - - - - - - 37
CHAPTER THREE
RESULTS
3.1Result for Percentage
Yield - - - - - - - 38
3.2Result for qualitative
Phytochemicals assay- - - - - 38
3.3 Result for
quantitative phytochemicals assay - - - - 39
3.4 In vitro Antioxidant - - - - - - - - 40
3.4.1 Result for Ferric
Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay - 40
3.4.2 Result for Ferrous
Metal Chelating assay - - - - 41
3.4.3 Result for Reducing
Power assay - - - - - - 42
3.4.4 Result for DPPH
assay - - - - - - - 43
CHAPTER FOUR
Discussion - - - - - - - - - - 45
Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 48
References - - - - - - - - - - 59
Appendix 1
Appendix 11
Appendix 111
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In recorded history,
medicinal plants have been in use for the treatment of man and animal diseases
(Osai et al., 1997). Nowadays the
crude extracts and dry powder samples from medicinal and aromatic plants, and
their species have been used for the development and preparation of alternative
traditional medicine food addictives (Marino et al., 2001). A plant becomes a medicinal plant only when its
biological activity has been ethno-botanically reported or scientifically
established. In 1978, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized the importance
of scientific research in the area of herbal medicine.
Biological activities of Spondias mombin include; uterine
stimulant actions; smooth muscle relaxant actions; uterine antispasmodic
(Uchendu et al., 2008); sedative and
anticonvulsant actions, and anti-anxiety actions; anti-inflammatory (Nworu et al., 2011). It has antimicrobial
effects that are reported to be as broad spectrum as ampicillin and gentamycin
(Abo et al., 1999). Spondiasmombin is also reported to have
antibacterial, anti-viral, sedative, anti-epileptic and has anti-psychotic and
anti-oxidant effects (Ayoka et al.,
2006). Our survival and continued
existence in turn depends on the efficiency with which man, with all the
resources and technology available to him harnesses, develops and utilizes
plants and plant products. The objective of this study is to establish the
antioxidant activity of the plant extracts, to screen for and identify the
secondary metabolites present in the plant extracts.
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