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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00005400
No of Pages: 83
No of Chapters: 4
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
$20
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ABSTRACT
Physicochemical
and bacteriological analyses of underground water resources in Nkanu East and
Nkanu West Local Government Areas of Enugu state,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Title Page--------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Approval Page--------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Certification------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii
Dedication-------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------------- v
Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
Table of Contents---------------------------------------------------------- ---- vii
List of Tables---------------------------------------------------------------------- xi
List of Figures--------------------------------------------------------------------- xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Underground water quality------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Background of Study-------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 Scope of Study---------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4 Objective of Study----------------------------------------------------------- 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1 Water--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.1 Properties of water--------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.2 Uses of Water -------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2.2 Types of water resources---------------------------------------------------- 7
2.2.1 Underground water-------------------------------------------------------- 7
2.2.2 Surface water--------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.2.3 Water in the atmosphere------------------------------------------------- 12
2.3 Pollution ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
2.3.1 Water pollution------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.3.1.1 Organic pollutants------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.3.1.2 Inorganic pollutants----------------------------------------------------- 15
2.3.1.3 Sediments pollutants --------------------------------------------------- 16
2.3.1.4 Radioactive materials -------------------------------------------------- 16
2.3.1.5 Thermal pollutants ----------------------------------------------------- 17
2.3.2 Underground water
pollution/pollutant ------------------------------- 17
2.3.2.1 Point-source pollution ------------------------------------------------- 19
2.3.2.3 Chemical pollution------------------------------------------------------ 21
2.3.2.4 Biological pollution----------------------------------------------------- 22
2.3.2.5 Physical/Natural pollution -------------------------------------------- 24
2.4 Water Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------- 25
2.4.1 Physical examination------------------------------------------------------ 25
2.4.1.1 Temperature ------------------------------------------------------------- 25
2.4.1.2 Turbidity ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25
2.4.1.3 pH-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
2.4.1.4 Total dissolved solids --------------------------------------------------- 27
2.4.1.5 Conductivity-------------------------------------------------------------- 28
2.4.1.6 Colour--------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
2.4.2 Chemical examination --------------------------------------------------- 28
2.4.2.1 Hardness ------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
2.4.2.2 Alkalinity----------------------------------------------------------------- 30
2.4.2.3 Calcium------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
2.4.2.4 Magnesium--------------------------------------------------------------- 31
2.4.2.5 Chloride------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
2.4.2.6 Nitrate--------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
2.4.2.7 Phosphate----------------------------------------------------------------- 32
2.4.2.8 Potassium----------------------------------------------------------------- 32
2.4.2.9 Sulphate------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
2.4.2.10 Sodium------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
2.4.2.11 Cadmium---------------------------------------------------------------- 34
2.4.2.12 Chromium--------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.4.2.13 Copper-------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
2.4.2.14 Iron----------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
2.4.2.15 Lead---------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
2.4.2.16 Nickel-------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
2.4.2.17 Zinc----------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
2.4.3 Microbiological examination -------------------------------------- `---- 39
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods ------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.1 Sample collection------------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.2 Method of analysis ---------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.2.1 Turbidity -------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.2.2 Temperature ---------------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.2.3 Colour------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43
3.2.4 Total dissolved solid ------------------------------------------------------ 43
3.2.5 pH----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
3.2.6 Conductivity---------------------------------------------------------------- 44
3.2.7 Total alkalinity------------------------------------------------------------- 44
3.2.8 Total hardness-------------------------------------------------------------- 45
3.2.9 Calcium---------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
3.2.10 Magnesium---------------------------------------------------------------- 47
3.2.11 Chloride-------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
3.2.12 Nitrate---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.2.13 Sulphate-------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
3.2.14 Phosphate------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
3.2.15 Sodium--------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
3.2.16 Potassium------------------------------------------------------------------ 50
3.2.17 Heavy metals determination ------------------------------------------- 51
3.2.18 Bacteriological examination-------------------------------------------- 52
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussions----------------------------------------------------- 53
4.1 Turbidity----------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
4.2 Colour-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
4.3 Conductivity------------------------------------------------------------------ 57
4.4 Total dissolved solid--------------------------------------------------------- 57
4.5 pH------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
4.6 Total hardness, calcium hardness
and magnesium hardness--------- 59
4.7 Total alkalinity---------------------------------------------------------------- 61
4.8 Nitrate-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
4.9 Phosphate---------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
4.10 Sulphate---------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
4.11 Chloride---------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
4.12 Sodium and potassium----------------------------------------------------- 64
4.13 Heavy metals---------------------------------------------------------------- 67
4.14 Total coliform--------------------------------------------------------------- 69
Conclusion and Recommendation -------------------------------------------- 69
References ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
LIST OF TABLES
3.1: Sample code and sample location---------------------------------------- 41
4.1: WHO standard values for drinking water------------------------------- 53
4.2:
Physicochemical quality of underground water in Nkanu
East and Nkanu West Local
Government Areas,
4.3: Colour and turbidity of water
sample--------------------------56
4.4: Conductivity and total dissolved solid of water sample-------------- 58
4.5: Total hardness, magnesium hardness and calcium hardness of water sample-------------------------------------------------------- 60
4.6:
Metal concentrations (mg/L) of water sample ------------------------ 66
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LIST OF FIGURES
3.1: Map of Nkanu East and Nkanu West
LGAs --------------------------- 42
4.1 Bar-chart showing correlation
between colour and turbidity- 56
4.2 Bar-chart showing correlation between conductivity and total dissolved solids----------------------------------------------------- 58
4.3: Bar-chart showing correlation
between total hardness,
magnesium hardness and calcium
hardness--------------------- 61
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1 Underground water quality
Water is the matrix of
life and forms the bulk of the weight of the living cells. The resources of
usable water have been diminishing and are unable to meet the variety of needs
of modern civilization. Water as the carrier of pathogenic microorganisms, can
cause immense harm to public health. Waterborne diseases include typhoid and
paratyphoid fever, dysentery and cholera, polio and infectious hepatitis [1].
Many developing countries
are witnessing a stage of development where water from shallow wells and
boreholes are gradually supplementing the original sources of drinking water
(surface water). The preference for underground water to surface water is borne
out of the belief that before underground water can be distributed as tap water
it must always be subjected to some purification, while in practice, underground
waters are filtered by natural processes as they pass through columns of soils,
sands, strata, or sedimentary layers of rocks and are usually clear of solid
materials as they come from the aquifer, particularly if they are deep seated ones.
The intricate pore spaces or water passage ways of the aquifer materials act as
a fine filter and remove small particles of clay or any other fines [2]. Organic
materials decay or are destroyed in transit. Thus, the dirtiest and most
polluted sewage water may become clear of suspended/particulate solid materials
once it has gone through a thick bed of sand or geologic and pedologic units.
As a result of this natural self-cleansing of polluted water by deep-seated
aquifers, physical and biological aspects of pollution may not pose serious
problems in underground waters [2].
Thus, underground water may not be treated before use and is
believed to be free from pollution. In spite of all this, underground waters
may have pollutants that not only depend on the geology, pedology, and
mineralogy of the formations it flows through but also on the constituent
pollutants/contaminants in the water that recharges the underground water. Unsatisfactory
colour and taste are easily detected and are good indicators for underground waters
of poor quality. Some underground waters taste of iron, others may have a
disagreeable odor. Borehole waters must, as a rule, be analyzed for chemical
contaminants before the water is distributed and supplied to households [2].
1.2 Background of Study
The area of study is Nkanu East and
Nkanu West. A Local Government Area in
Due
to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides in this areas part of which is leached
into the underground water through the soil, there is increased risk of
pollution of these boreholes. Enugu, the state of study was previously mined
for coal and underground water pollution is an ever present risk in areas of mining.
Also most of the people use pit toilets which are sources of underground water
pollution [2].
1.3 Scope of Study
Samples of water from ten boreholes in
the two LGAs specifically in Amechi Idodo, Mbulu Owo, Umueze, Agbani, Ugbawka,
Isiogbo Nara, Akpugo, Amurri, Nara Unateze and Amodu Awkunanaw are to be
collected. Physicochemical, bacteriological and trace metal analysis comprising
of temperature, colour, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved
solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate,
phosphate, sulphate, sodium, potassium, total coliform, lead, copper, zinc,
chromium, cadmium, and nickel are to be undertaken and values obtained are to
be compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values.
1.4 Objective of Study
There are yet no reported physicochemical or bacteriological studies of underground water resources in Nkanu East and Nkanu West Local government Areas. Therefore we set out to analyze borehole water samples from these areas in order to ascertain the potability and safety of the water by comparing the concentration levels with set standards and to procure the present quality status as baseline data for future periodic monitoring of the underground water quality in this area.
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