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Product Category: Projects
Product Code: 00008494
No of Pages: 53
No of Chapters: 1-5
File Format: Microsoft Word
Price :
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ABSTRACT
Nosocomial pathogens are hospital acquired pathogens.The infections caused by these Pathogens occurs within 48hours of hospital admission, they are serious threats to patients care.Swabs from beds, sinks, chairs and cupboards were collected from the hospital ward of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Medical Centre Umudike.They were surveyed for contamination by nosocomial pathogens.The collected samples were cultured and analysed using Blood and Macconkey agar. The organisms isolated were subjected to antimicrobial test using disc diffusion method. About 85% of the collected samples had growth of Staphylococcus aureus,10% growth Escherichia coli and 5% growth Proteus specie.Some isolates were resistant to the antibiotics while most of them were sensitive. In the sensitivity of the isolates it was observed that Staphylococcus aureus were more sensitive to Ciproflox, Ceporex and Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli were more sensitive to Augmentin and Streptomycin while Proteus Specie were more sensitive to Rimfapicin and Ampiclox.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of content iv
List of table v
List of figure vi
Abstract vii
Chapter One
1.1
Introduction 1
1.2
Aim and Objective 2
Chapter
Two
Review
of Related Literature 3
2.1 Literature Review 3
2.2 Nosocomial pathogens and sites of infection 3
2.3 Causes of nosocomial infection 6
2.4 Nosocomial infection causing organism 6
2.5 Method of acquisition 6
2.6 Description of isolates 7
2.6.1 Escherichia coli 7
2.6.2 Proteus specie 8
2.6.3 Staphylococcus aureus 8
2.7 Emergence and spread of nosocomial pathogens 9
2. 8 Mechanism of antibiotics resistance 10
2.9 Infection and control 12
Chapter Three
Materials and method
3.1 Sample Collection 13
3.2 Preparation of sample 13
3.3 Preparation of media 13
3.4 Isolation of bacteria 13
3.5. Identification and
characterization 14
3.5.1 Coagulase Test 14
3.5.2 Catalase Test 14
3.5.3OxidaseTest 14
3.5.4Motilitytest 15
3.5.5 Gram Staining 16
3.5.6 Citrate utilization test 16
3.6 Preparation of antibiotic disc 16
3.7 Antibiotic sensitivity test 18
3.8 Measurement of Zone of inhibition 18
Chapter Four
Result 19
Chapter Five
5.1
Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 26
5.3 Recommendation 27
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1
Relative percentage of pathogens by Site of
infection. 5
2 Gram negative susceptibility disc 16
3 Biochemical characterization of isolate. 20
4 Percentage of the isolates from
different sites 21
5 Antibiotics susceptibility test of the
different isolates 25
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig 1 Frequency of occurrence of the bacteria on the sinks, beds, cupboards
and chairs. 22
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Nosocomial pathogens are hospital acquired pathogens. Although microbiologically contaminated surfaces can serves as reservoir for pathogens, these surfaces generally are directly associated with transmission of infection to either staff or patients. The transmission of micro organism from the environmental surfaces to patient and staff are largely through hand contact with surfaces (Jarvis, 2007).Although hand hygiene is important to minimize the impact of this transfer, cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces appropriately is fundamental in reducing their potential contribution to the incidence of healthcare and patients associated infections. Nosocomial infections occurs worldwide both in developed and developing - world. They are significantly burden to patients and public health. They are the major cause of death and increase hi morbidity hi hospitalized Patient (Ssteizor, et al., 2005).They may cause increase in functional disability and emotional stress and may lead to condition that reduce quality of life, not only do they affect the general health of patients, but also become a huge financial burden. The increased stay in hospital also contribute to the chance of infection. The organisms that cause most hospital acquired infection (pathogens) are common in the general population in which settings, they are relatively harmless. They may cause severe or mild form of disease more in hospitalized patients. Factors that increase a patient's susceptibility to the nosocomial pathogens include young or aged, decreased immune system, underlying disease, therapeutic and diagnostic interventions. Nosocomial infections have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients leading to prolonged hospital stay, treatment failure and increased cost of healthcare. Extensive and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents has invariably resulted in the development of antibiotics resistance, which in recent years has become a major problem world wide. The organisms that cause nosocomial infections are often drug resistant. (Ekrami, et al., 2010). Many strains of pneumococci, Staphylococcus, Enterococci, & tuberculosis are resistant to most or all antimicrobial agent which were once effective.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
This investigation
was done to determine the following
· The
detect the extent of contamination of environmental surfaces by bacteria and
their susceptibility
to various antimicrobial agents.
· To isolate and
characterizes common aerobic pathogenic organisms in the hospital ward of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike.
· To
understand and determine the epidemiology of nosocomial pathogens in the
hospital ward of
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike.
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