ABSTRACT
The
study examined the effect of employment on sandwich graduate at the labour
market, case study of University
of Lagos. In this study,
relevant and related literature review was carried out under sub-headings. The
descriptive research survey was used in order to assess the opinions of the
respondents with the use of the questionnaire and the sampling technique. A
total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were selected and used as samples of
this study to represent the entire population of the study. A total four (4)
null hypotheses were formulated and used in this study. the test instrument was
the t-test statistical tool at 0.05 level of significance. At the end of the
exercise, the following results emerged: there is a significant effect of
sandwich programme on employment of sandwich graduates at the labour market,
there is a significant difference in employment between sandwich graduates and
full-time graduates of University of Lagos, there is a significant gender
difference in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic
programme in the school, and there is a significant difference in employment of
sandwich graduates as a result of age barrier. Based on the conclusions reached
in this study, the following recommendations were made: the sandwich graduates
should not be discriminated against due to age disparity of the students in
question and in terms of issuance of certificate, the certificates given to the
sandwich graduates should not be written part-time or sandwich different from
those issued to the full-time graduates.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1
Background
of the Study 1
1.2
Statement
of the Problem 5
1.3
Purpose
of the Study 6
1.4
Research
Questions 7
1.5
Research
Hypotheses 7
1.6
Significance
of the Study 8
1.7
Scope
of the Study 9
1.8
Limitation
of the Study 9
1.9
Definition
of Terms 9
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1
Concept
of Employment and Full Employment 11
2.2
Full
Employment Needs Revision 17
2.3
Basic
Employment Right 28
2.4
Basic
Income Right of Employee 32
2.5
Importance
of Sandwich Education 37
2.6
Students’
Employment and Academic Performance at the
University Level 38
2.7
Employment
on Academic Achievement Among Students 43
2.8
Sandwich
Students and the Labour Market 48
2.9
Effects of Employment on Sandwich
Students’ Academic Performance 52
2.10
Summary
of Review 57
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 58
3.0 Introduction
58
3.1 Research
Design 58
3.2 Area
of Study 58
3.3 Population
of the Study 59
3.4 Sample
and Sampling Technique 60
3.5 The
Instrument 60
3.6 Validity
of Instrument 60
3.7 Reliability
of the Instrument 61
3.8 Procedure
for Data Collection 61
3.9 Procedure
for Data Analysis 62
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION
OF
RESULTS 63
4.1 Introduction
63
4.2 Descriptive Analyses of Respondents
Bio-Data 63
4.3 Analysis of Research Questions 66
4.4 Testing
of Hypotheses 73
4.5 Summary
of Findings 76
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 78
5.1
Introduction
78
5.2
Discussion
of the Findings 78
5.3
Summary
of Study 82
5.4
Conclusions
83
5.5
Recommendations
84
References 85
Appendix
92
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
The
growing and expanding economic responsibilities of governments at the federal
and state levels, have affected the capability of governments to continuously
recruit adequately qualified teachers to meet with the expanding students’
enrolment in Nigerian secondary schools. Therefore, the use of Sandwich
Programmes and part-time programmes of tertiary institutions in Nigeria,
remains a dependable source of improving serving teachers professional academic
quality as well as improving the number of teachers for Nigerian secondary
schools quantitatively without sacrificing quality and standards (Mezieobi,
2006).
According
to Mkpa (1997), the essence of Sandwich and
Part-time teacher-education is to provide opportunity for the intellectual
development and competence of teachers in their professional assignment or
interested persons in teacher-education who would not be accommodated in the
regular school based programmes as a result of job protection and maintenance
of their family socio-economic responsibilities as adults.
Interestingly,
the much vaunted distance education programme, promoted by Obasanjo regime in
the year 2000 is ideal in improving access to education, but is frustrated by
the non-provision of feasible communication gadgets and adequately packaged
programmes, epileptic power supply, lack of trained manpower in distance or
sandwich learning and effective machinery to monitor its implementation.
Education innovation as sandwich and part-time teacher-education programmes are
meant to provide wide access to human resources development in
teacher-education (Dashen, 2002).
The
great response of would-be learners to part-time study and sandwich programmes
in this period of economic down-turn cannot be over stressed. This is because,
many are willing to go to school on a full-time basis and to do nothing but
reading. But with the prevailing socio-economic condition in our society, many
a learner concludes that an individual has to engage in a job that would fetch the
individual a regular pay before embarking on any study programe. Hence, it is a
common sight these days to find candidates rushing into the sandwich
programmess which is absolutely seasonal, leaving the rest of the year to
gainful employment (Makinde, 1996).
It
is not surprising that the majority of the candidates for such a programme are
adults considering the varied mix of their vocational and non-vocational
interests and especially, the barriers placed in their way to full-time study
programmes such as the problems arising from domestic lives, work and study
(Afe, 1990). According to Afe (1990), a survey of sandwich students’ age
ranges, one would agree that the ages range between 25 and 51 by which time
they are expected to be independent of parents’ or guardians’ care. Over 70% of
them are married with children.
Interestingly,
interests of sandwich students have increased generally in continuing education
as evidenced by the number of Colleges of Education which rose from less than 8
to about 17 by the late 70s. External candidates are at present being trained
for the Nigerian Certificates in Education by the NTI – National Teachers’
Institute Centres, and other centres with different labels like the
Project-Time in the production of more teachers in our schools. The essence of
this according to Ilogu (1996), is to cushion the effect of population
explosion brought about by the execution of the National Develompent Plans
(1960 – 1985) as well the Universal Primary Education (UPE) of the 70s.
Makinde
(2001) puts it, the consequent rise in the number of secondary school leavers
these days, compared to the fall in the number of new entrants into the
universities yearly is generating much interest within institutions of higher
learning. Equally, the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) is not
helping matters due to the unprecedented cut via cut off points in the
admission quota into the different facilities. Most adults would be learners
who are disadvantaged as primary focus is on the emerging youth. Little wonder
then the organisation of sandwich programmes in some Nigerian universities.
A
sign of the above is contained in the functions of the Institute of Education.
They are among others:
(a) to organize
in-service training and other courses and programmes for teachers;
(b) to hold conferences,
conduct seminars and organize study programmes;
(c) to organize
pre-service, in-service and continuing education courses for teachers and
educators and
(d) to bridge the
gap between the “Gown” and the “Town” through programmes relevant to the current
needs of the society it serves.
The
National Policy on Education (1981), stipulates that the least qualifications
of the primary school teachers would be the National Certificate in Education
(NCE) as soon as the 6-3-3-4 system commenced. As we are all aware, many sets
of SSCE graduates have been turned out. This presupposes that most secondary
teachers who were hitherto holders of the NCE certificate must of necessity,
improve upon their academic standards to properly fit in to the secondary
school system or face re-assignment to the primary school sector (Madufor,
2000).
There
is no doubt that employment of sandwich graduates has been hampered by the kind
of programme (sandwich) they have undergone in school. Despite the fact that
sandwich graduates do not any longer have sandwich written on their
certificates, yet they do not get employment in the labour market as the
full-time graduates. That is to say that they are grossly discriminated against
in the labour market. For instance, many employers, according to Munachi
(2000), prefer to employ or engage those who graduated in the full-time
programme than the sandwich graduates. The perception of the employers is that
sandwich or part-time students were not thorough bred in their chosen academic
fields, and therefore, do not have content mastery. They also assume that those
who graduated from sandwich programme are already old individuals who could
work productively and effectively if employed.
According
to Onwuama (2001), these days, the employability of graduates solely depends on
their types of programme in school, their age and their grade points. Onwuama
submitted that individual graduates who are relatively young, who passed
through the full-time programme and finished up with first class or second
upper division are required for employment than those who finished on second
class lower, third class or who passed through the part-time or sandwich
programme. This is as a result of lack of employment in the country, which has
made the employers of labour to adopt a stiff approach in order to eliminate
some candidates who seek employment in the labour market.
1.2
Statement
of the Problem
The
effect of employment on sandwich graduates at University of Lagos
cannot be overstressed. There is no doubt that employment of sandwich graduates
has been hampered by the kind of programme (sandwich) they have undergone in
school. Despite the fact that sandwich graduates do not any longer have
sandwich written on their certificates, yet they do not get employment in the
labour market as the full-time graduates. That is to say that they are grossly
discriminated against in the labour market. For instance, many employers,
according to Munachi (2000), prefer to employ or engage those who graduated in
the full-time programme than the sandwich graduates. The perception of the
employers is that sandwich or part-time students were not thorough bred in
their chosen academic fields, and therefore, do not have content mastery. They
also assume that those who graduated from sandwich programme are already old
individuals who could work productively and effectively if employed.
The
above problems propelled this researcher to examine the effect of employment on
sandwich students at the labour market, a study of graduates of University of Lagos.
1.3
Purpose
of the Study
The
objectives of this study include to:
(1)
Find out whether sandwich programme affects
graduates employment at the labour market.
(2)
Examine whether there is difference in employment
between sandwich graduates and full-time graduates of University of Lagos.
(3)
Investigate whether there is gender difference
in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic programme.
(4)
Find out whether the employment of sandwich graduates
differ as a result of age.
1.4
Research
Questions
The following research
questions were raised in this study:
1.
Will sandwich programme affect graduates
employment at the labour market?
2.
Will there be any difference in employment
between sandwich graduates and full-time graduates of University of Lagos?
3.
How can we investigate whether there is gender
difference in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic programme?
4.
To what extent will the employment of sandwich
graduates differ as a result of age?
1.5
Research
Hypotheses
The following
hypotheses will bee formulated and tested:
1.
There will be no significant effect of
sandwich programme on employment of sandwich graduates at the labour market.
2.
There will be no significant difference in employment
between sandwich graduates and full-time graduates of University of Lagos.
3.
There will be no significant gender difference
in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic programme.
4.
There will be no significant difference in
employment of sandwich graduates as a result of age.
1.6
Significance
of the Study
This study will be
beneficial to some people and group of individuals:
(1)
The sandwich students would benefit from the
results and recommendations of this study because, it will help them to
understand the effect of employment on sandwich programme. Not only that, this
study will enable students to understand some other factors that militate
against being gainfully employed especially at labour market.
(2)
The lecturers would be more aware through this
study, the implication of students’ (sandwich) programme on their employment at
the labour market. Lecturers and indeed, other teachers at other levels of Nigerian
educational system, would be able to appreciate the relationship between type
of programme and students’ employment at the labour market.
(3)
School Authority will be able to understand
more effectively, students’ situations as regards study and work. With the
results and recommendations of this study, the school authorities would be able
to give concession to those who engage in routine work and also enroll in
sandwich programmes to update their academic profiles.
(4)
The society will be well informed through the
findings and recommendations of this study. With this study, the society will
be aware that type of study affects students’ employment in the labour market.
1.7
Scope
of the Study
The study covers the
effect of employment on sandwich graduates at the labor market, a study of University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos.
1.8
Limitation
of the Study
In this study,
finance, time-frame and other logistics would pose considerable constraints in
the effective completion of this study.
1.9
Definition
of Terms
Operational terms
would be defined in this study in the followings:
(1)
Employment: In
this study, it means the work an individual does to eke out a living.
(2)
Sandwich or Part-time Students: This
is the school programme in which students are allowed to enroll in academics at
a part-time level or arrangement. It is different from full-time study.
(3)
Constraints: This
is what hinders or prevents something to succeed effectively.
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