ABSTRACT
This research
was undertaken to study the smoking habit among senior secondary school
students in Agege Local Government Area of Lagos State. The aim of the study
was to let them the knowledge on the negative effect smoking has on their
health, their academic performances and leadership role in our society. The
sample for the study consisted of two hundred students drawn from selected
senior secondary schools in Agage Local Government Area of Lagos State twenty
students randomly selected from each school. Two questionnaires were used each
of the questionnaire contain twenty items. The questionnaires were collected
and marked. The data collected was presented and analyzed in table with number
of respondents and percentages. The main findings were discussed and conclusion
reached that: Smokers are prone to constant illness as a result of damage done
to their physiological make-up such as the respiratory tract and reducing their
body oxygen level. The influence of the various people like friends and parents
is a contributory factor to the smoking habits among students. The promotion of
cigarette smoking through advertisement in magazines and other mass media,
reinforce smoking habits of student and as such they find it difficult to
discontinue. Smoking waste a lot of money and other more important things such
as food and books are neglected due to special preference given to smoking.
Students are ignorant of the hazards of smoking. A far reaching recommendation
was made in this study which will help the students to keep off smoking and
utilized their time in more useful activities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 1
Statement of Problem 5
Purpose of the Study 6
Research Questions 6
Research hypotheses 7
Delimitation of the Study 7
Limitation of Study 8
Significance of the Study 9
Definition of Terms 9
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effects on the central nervous system 19
Effects on nose, mouth and throat 22
Why people smoke 27
Demographic factors and smoking 28
Parents smoking habits 30
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction 34
Population 34
Sample and Sampling Techniques 34
Research Instrumentation 35
Validity of Research Instrument 35
Data Collection and Procedure 35
Method of Data Analysis 36
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Results of Data Analysis 37
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary 53
Conclusion 54
Recommendations 55
References 57
Questionnaire 61
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
Smoking is a habit that is developed gradually. It
is ill-health behaviour and exposes the individual to a lot of health hazards.
Cigarette smoking is commonly seen in adolescents. These cigarettes are made of
tobacco which contains nicotine, which is very deadly and poisonous in nature.
Smoking in adolescent has been a major health
problem as the' adolescent sees smoking as an indication of maturity. They
believe it makes them tough. Unfortunately; these students are misinformed
either by friends through the radio, television and some parents and teachers
do smoke and it will be difficult to convince the adolescences otherwise. It is
highly disturbing to find this bad habit among so many secondary school
students. It may start as a result of rebellion and as a way of showing off to
their school mates or peer group but soon becomes a bad habit which is
difficult to stop. Most people who smoke
feel a need to continue and increase cigarette smoking in order to relieve
nervous tension, frustration, cover up shyness or just for pleasure. They
believe one or two sticks a day is harmless but gradually increase the number
until a dangerous addiction result. The harmful effects of cigarette smoking
cannot be overemphasized, the tars and nicotine content is a major cause of
lungs cancer and if predisposed to a lot of lungs infection and diseases.
In modern day societies, smoking tobacco is an
accepted habit with· adults of all age groups and both sex. This practice used
to be socially acceptable in Europe and the United States of America but it is
less now. Laws have been passes in some American states restricting or banning
smoking. People can no longer smoke in public places like bars, restaurants and
clubs. While in Africa similar laws that are supposed to be in effect have remain
on paper and little restrictions on where people can or cannot smoke.
In Nigeria, it is reported that many people are prone
to picking up cigarette smoking habit due to the false sense of stardom created
through active temperamental and sensual advertisement that adorn bill boards
and the print media, their echo through the radio and television is absolutely
overwhelming.
Despite the warning by federal ministry of health
that cigarette smoking is dangerous to health and that smokers are liable to
die young. Smoking in adolescents is found to be on the increase as the habit
is seen as an indication of maturity and gives them a feeling of belonging.
Smoking is becoming more popular in Nigeria and it is seen as a profitable
business in which the federal government of Nigeria believe it will attract
foreign investment and as such the present democratic government led by former
president Olusegun Obasanjo signed an agreement with British American Tobacco
(BAT) in London for business operation in Nigeria to which a sum of one hundred
and fifty million dollars had been pumped into Nigeria economy for their
operation between year 2001 and 2002 on the tobacco related industry.
These industries have their operational based in
Ibadan in named British American Tobacco Nigeria (BAT, Nigeria) and it has
several areas of hand in use for growing tobacco leaf. So rather than import or
smuggle cigarette into the country, the company is now embedded in the country
to grow process and distribute their products directly to the people of
Nigeria.
What is more disturbing to the researcher and a
health educator is that such things like advertisement of cigarette on the bill
board which has been banned in Britain as far back as 1965 now freely adorn the
big expensive and attractive billboards in Nigeria advertising different brands
of cigarette only with a little inscription on it that is hardly readable
stating that "the Federal Ministry of Health warns that smokers are liable
to Die Young."
In 1983, based on the established facts that medical
and scientific research has regarded cigarette smoking as a very dangerous
human killer. The Royal College of Physicians in London has declared the
following statements of action. "The health risk of smoking do not lessen
with the passage of years, rather they increase as more and more super
smoking". The urgency for action remains as strong as ever, especially for
Arab and Africa countries because the smoking of cigarette in Western nation of
American and European is falling at a rate of 1.0 to 1.5 percent per year due
to vigorous anti-smoking campaign while the rate of smoking is increasing in
Arab and African countries at a rte of 2.0 percent per year.
It is also worthy to note that the smoker is not
only killing him/herself gradually, but carries along a lot of other passive
smokers and equally endangers their lives. Abdul-Kareem (1999) reported that
passive smoker inhales more potent smoke than those inhaled by the smokers.
This was demonstrated by the work of Charles humber and his colleagues in Evans
country of Georgia U.S.A in 1990 on 5/3 rural women non-smokers married· to
smokers. It was shown conclusively for over a 20 years period, the inhaled smoker
from their husband's cigarette smoking caused cardiovascular diseases and
mortality (death) in all the 5/3 non-smoking wives. This is why the cigarette
smoker is a subtle but dangerous human killer (Charles, et al, 1990), Wilson,
1975).
Hence, it is important that parents and school
authorities cooperate to discourage adolescents from starting smoking habit
which is dangerous and difficult to stop. So, the dangers of smoking and the
increasing rate in adolescents in school has prompted the researcher into
investigating the smoking habits of senior secondary school students.
Statement
of the Problems
The study is primarily examine the pains that
smoking is causing, that makes people, particularly secondary school student to
lament. Smoking in senior secondary schools has cause some major health problem
like. Chronic pain such as having chronic back pain and neck pain which
contribute to osteoporosis and the deterioration of spinal discs, conditions
like arthritis and some effect on the on the nervous system.
The peer group, parental and societal influences “among
others have been known to be the major cause of smoking among senior secondary
schools.
In the light of the above, the study intends to examine
the effects of smoking among students in some selected secondary school in
Agege Local government area of Lagos State.
Purpose
of the Study
The main purposes of the study are to:
1.
Examine the causes of smoking among
senior secondary school.
2.
Examine the knowledge of the students
smoking and their health in senor secondary schools.
3.
Examine the effects of smoking among
senior secondary school academic performance.
4.
Suggest ways of curbing smoking among
students.
Research Questions
What are the effects of
smoking among senior secondary school students in Agege local government Area?
1.
What are the causes of smoking among
senior secondary school students?
2.
What are the knowledge of the students
smoking and their health in senior secondary schools?
3.
What are the effects of smoking on
students academic performance?
4.
What are the ways of give curbing
smoking among student?
Research
Hypotheses
The following research
hypotheses were formulated and tested In the study:
1.
There will be no significant
relationship between the causes and effects of smoking among senior secondary
school.
2.
Their will be no significant relationship
between parental and societal influences on how smoking habits start in senior
secondary students.
3.
There will be no significant
relationship between knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking on health of
senior secondary school students.
Delimitation
The study was delimited to the following senior
secondary schools, both male and female in Agege local government area of Lagos
state, out of about twenty one schools, this was to make for easy and effective
coverage:
1. Keke senior secondary school
2. Sango senior secondary school
3. Dairy-Farm senior secondary school
4. St. Joseph secondary school
5. Saka Tinubu secondary school
6. Vatland Grammar school
7. State High school, Mulero
8. Community high school, Orile
9. Jubril Martins secondary school
10. Oyewole high school, Agege.
Limitation
The study carried out in only seven selected senior
secondary schools in Agege local government area of Lagos state.
But time and fund constrains, wider area (schools)
would have been covered nevertheless, the selected schools are representative
of the other schools in the state in specific and Nigeria as a whole.
Significance
of the study
The significant of the study include the following:
1.
The result of the study would assist in
identifying various reasons why senior secondary school students smoke.
2.
The findings of the study would guide
school authorities and parents in preventing and controlling smoking in
students.
3.
The result of the study could guide
policy makers, government and voluntary agencies in determining the appropriate
method and laws to prevent students from smoking.
4.
The finding of the students would serve
as a reference material for researchers in this and related area of study.
Definition
of key terms
Tobacco: Plant having leaves which are dried cured
and used for smoking in (pipes, cigars, or snuff)
Nicotine:
Poisonous oily substance in tobacco leaves.
Tars:
A dark coloured viscid oily liquid obtained by the dry distillation of organic
bodies.
Adolescent:
Period of life between childhood and maturity. Addiction: Habitually or
compulsively. A habit which one cannot do without.
Smoking:
A process of pouring out smoke or visible vapour with particles of carbon and
other hazardous dangerous element.
Habit:
Settled practice that cannot easily be given up or do away with.
Passive
smoker: These are those who are indirectly inhaling
nicotine and other dangerous elements form a direct smoker.
Agege:
Local Government to Town where the research is carried out.
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