TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i Approval page
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Table ix
List of Figure x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Justification of the study 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives 3
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Punicagranatum
fruits 5
2.1.2.
Botanical description of Punicagranatum seed 10
2.1.3.
Health benefits of Punicagranatum seed 10
2.2 Cholesterol 12
2.2.1.
Hypercholesterolemia 15
2.2.2.
Description of Hypercholesterolemia 15
2.2.3. Signs and symptons of Hypercholesterolemia 19
2.2.4. Causes of Hypercholesterolemia 20
2.2.5.
Biomakers of hypercholesterolemia 22
CHAPTER
THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1.
Materials 26
3.1.1.
Punicagranatum
fruits 26
3.1.2.
Experimental animals 26
3.1.3.
Reagent and assay kits 26
3.2. Methods 27
3.2.1 Preparation of aqueous extract of Punicagranatum seed 27
3.2.2.
Phytochemical analysis 27
3.2.3.
Induction of Hypercholesterolemia 31
3.2.4.
Experimental Design 31
3.2.5.
Preparation of Serum 32
3.3.
Biochemical assay 33
3.3.1.
Determination of Serum Total cholesterol 33
3.3.2 Determination of Serum High Density
Lipoprotein 35
3.3.3.
Determination of Serum
Triglycerides 38
3.3.4.
Determination of Low Density Lipoprotein 41
3.3.5. Determination of Very Low Density Lipoprotein 42
3.3.6. Determination of Artherogenic Index 42
3.3.7.
Determination of Coronary Artery Risk 43
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS
4.1. Estimation of Total
phenol content of aqueous extract of
Punicagranatum
seed. 44
4.2.
Estimation of radical scavenging
2,2diphenyl – 1- picrylhydrazyl
of
aqueous extract of Punicagranatum seed. 44
4.3.
Estimation of inhibitory activity
using Lipase of aqueous extract of Punicagranatum
seed 45
4.4 Total Cholesterol and
Triglyceride cholesterol
4.5.
High Density Lipoprotein and Very low
density lipoprotein
4.6.
Low density Lipoprotein
4.7.
Atherogenic index and Coronary risk
index
CHAPTER
FIVE DISCUSSION
Conclusion 57
References 58
Appendix 68
LIST OF TABLE
Table
1: Classification
of hypercholesterolemia 18
Table 2: Serum
HDL – Concentration range 25
LIST
OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Punicagranatum
fruit (Al- Muammar 2012) 9
Figure: 2: Chemical structure of cholesterol 14
Figure 3: Hypercholesterolemia 17
Figure 4: Estimation of Total polyphenol content on aqueous extract of
Punicagranatum seed 49
Figure
5: The
IC50 value obtained by linear equation of Punicagranatum
seed. 50
Figure 6: The IC50 value obtained by linear
regression equation for
Punicagranatum
seed. 51
Figure
7:
Effect of Punica granatum aqueous
seed on serum cholesterol
and triglyceride concentration in hypercholesterolemic rats. 52
Figure
8: Effect
of Punica granatum aqueous seed on serum HDL
and
VLDL concentration in
hypercholesterolemic rats. 53
Figure
9:
Effect of Punicagranatumaqueous
seed on serum LDL
concentration
in hypercholesterolemic rats. 54
Figure
10:
Effect of Punica granatum aqueous
seed on serum AI and CRI
concentration
in hypercholesterolemic rats. 55
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to
investigate the effects of oral administration of aqueous extract of Punicagranatum seed on Triton X-100
induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by
single intraperitoneal injection of Triton X-100 and the rats were later
treated with aqueous extract of Punicagranatum
seed at different dosage levels (50,100 and 200mg/kg body weight) and
10ml/kg/day of standard drug (Astrovastatin) for seven days. Another group
received 0.9% Normal saline (1 ml/kg/day). Animals were euthanize by
anaesthetization at the end of the experiment to harvest serum used for the
biochemical analysis. Aqueous extract of Punicagranatum
seed extract prevented triton- induced increase in serum cholesterol,
triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and decrease in high density
lipoprotein (HDL) in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05) and
reversed the elevated serum LDL/HDL ratio comparably to Astrovastatin, The
results demonstrated the amelioration of triton- induced hypercholesterolemia
in rats by aqueous extract of Punicagranatum
seed. Consequently, we can hypothesize that the part of Punicagranatum seed mediated therapeutic effects is associated with
its antiatherogenic/hypolidemic component.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of study
Hypercholesterolemia
is a lipoprotein metabolic disorder characterized by increase in plasma low
density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c)
cholesterols or decrease in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-c). It was reported to be one of the most important risk factors in the
development and progression of atherosclerosis that lead to cardiovascular
diseases (Rerkasem et al., 2008).
Hypercholesterolemia poses a major problem to many societies as well as health
professionals because of the close correlation between cardiovascular diseases
and lipid abnormalities (Matos et al.,
2005; Ramachandran et al.,
2003).Hypercholesterolemia is highly prevalent in all the geopolitical zones of
Nigeria. It ranges from 60% among apparently healthy Nigerians to 89% among
diabetic Nigerians (Oguejiofor et al., 2012). Clinical trials have
demonstrated that intensive reduction of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL-c)
levels could reverse atherosclerosis and decrease the incidence of
cardiovascular diseases (Brown and Jessup, 1999; Ichihashi et al., 1998).
Punicagranatumcommonly known as pomegranate is a member of
monogeneric family, punicacae and is mainly found in Iran which is considered
to be its primary centre of origin (Facciola, 1990).Punicagranatum can be
divided into several anatomical compartments including
seed,juice,peal,leaf,flower,bark and root each possessing interesting
pharmacological and toxicological activities. Punicagranatumhas
extensively been used as a traditional remedy against acidosis,microbial
infection,diarrhea (Kim and Choi, 2009).Punicagranatum
seeds have also been shown to contain estrogenic compounds,oestrone and
oestradiol (Kim and choi, 2009).The seeds are embedded in a white, spongy
astringent pulp (Stover and Mercure, 2007). Punicagranatum
is known for its high antioxidant capacity, it has been used for medicinal
purposes for centuries (Syed et al 2007). Punica
granatum products have also been reported to possess among others anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial
and protective effects on liver function and lipid glucose metabolism(Medjakovic
and jungbauer, 2013).According to Al-Muammar and khan 2015, the routine
supplementation of Punica granatum
may prevent or even correct obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
1.2
Justification of study
Hypercholesterolemia
is
a problem faced by manysocieties since it constitutes one of the major risk
factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis
and its complications, acute infraction of themyocardium or hypertension
(Robbins, 1991; Gerhardt and Gallo 1998; Gomeset al., 1998). In view of
the adverse effects associated with hypercholesterolemia, the quest for natural
products with lipid-lowering potential and with minimal or no side effect is
needed.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
The
main aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Punica granatum seed on triton X-100
induced hypercholesterolemia in male albino rats.
In
order to achieve the aim, the following specific objectives are followed.
1
To estimate total phenol content in
aqueous extract of Punicagranatum
seed.
2
To estimate invitro radical scavenging of power aqueous
extract of Punicagranatum seed using
2, 2, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as substrate.
3
To estimate inhibitory power of aqueous
extract of Punicagranatum seed on lipase enzyme activity.
4
To induce hypercholesterolemia in rats
using Triton X-100.
5
To study the effect of aqueous extract of Punica granatum seed on serum lipid
profile of hypercholesterolemic rats.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment